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σημεῖον, ου, τό (s. prec. entry; Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.; loanw. in rabb.; Hippol., Ref. 6, 27, 4; Did., Gen. 115, 9 ‘symbol’; gener. ‘sign’)

① a sign or distinguishing mark whereby someth. is known, sign, token, indication (Diod S 3, 66, 3=evidences τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ θεοῦ; Cornutus 16 p. 21, 9.—Arrian, Anab. 6, 26, 4 of marks in the landscape showing direction; ParJer 5:11 τὰ ς. τῆς πόλεως; Just., A I, 55, 6 al.; Iren. 1, 14, 8 [Harv. I 143, 10]; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 43, 36 ς. τῆς μετὰ θάνατον ἐπιφανείας αὐτοῦ [sc. Ἰησοῦ]; 2, 59, 6 of the scars of the resurrected Lord τὰ ς. τῆς κολάσεως). τοῦτο ὑμῖν σημεῖον this (will be) a sign for you Lk 2:12 (cp. Is 37:30). ὅ ἐστιν ς. ἐν πάσῃ ἐπιστολῇ this is the mark of genuineness in every letter 2 Th 3:17 (Ps.-Pla., Ep. 13, 360a has at its beginning the words σύμβολον ὅτι παρʼ ἐμοῦ ἐστιν). Of a signal previously agreed upon δοῦναί τινι σημεῖον (PFay 128, 7 ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν σημεῖον ‘he gave us a signal’; Jos., Ant. 12, 404) Mt 26:48; 1 Cl 12:7.— A sign of things to come (PsSol 15:9 τὸ … σημεῖον ἀπωλείας ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου αὐτῶν; Did., Gen. 191, 6; Philo, Op. M. 58 σημεῖα μελλόντων; Jos., Bell. 6, 285; 296; 297) Mk 13:4; Lk 21:7. The event to be expected is added in the gen. τί τὸ ς. τῆς σῆς παρουσίας; Mt 24:3. τὸ ς. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου the sign by which one can mark the coming of the Human One (Son of Man) vs. 30 (TGlasson, JTS 15, ’64, 299f [a military metaphor, ‘standard’; cp. Is 18:3; 1QM 3f]). τὰ σημεῖα τῶν καιρῶν the signs of the (end)times (καιρός 3b) Mt 16:3.— A sign of warning (Plut., Caes. 737 [63, 1]; SibOr 3, 457; Mel., P. 14, 90) 1 Cl 11:2. Prob. in like manner αἱ γλῶσσαι εἰς σημεῖόν εἰσιν τοῖς ἀπίστοις the tongues (γλῶσσα 3) serve as a (warning) sign to the unbelievers 1 Cor 14:22. Likew. the sign of Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 1) in Luke: Lk 11:29, 30. Here the Human One is to be a sign to his generation, as Jonah was to the Ninevites; cp. οὗτος κεῖται εἰς σημεῖον ἀντιλεγόμενον (s. ἀντιλέγω 2) 2:34 (cp. Is 11:12).—W-S. §30, 10d.—GRunze, Das Zeichen des Menschensohnes u. der Doppelsinn des Jonazeichens 1897 (against him PSchmiedel, Lit. Centralblatt 48, 1897, 513–15; Runze again, ZWT 41, 1898, 171–85; finally PSchm. ibid. 514–25); PAsmussen, Protestantenblatt 37, 1904, 375–8; STyson, Bibl. World 33,1909, 96–101; CBowen, AJT 20, 1916, 414–21; JMichael, JTS 21, 1920, 146–59; JBonsirven, RSR 24, ’34, 450–55; HGale, JBL 60, ’41, 255–60; PSeidelin, Das Jonaszeichen, StTh 5, ’51, 119–31; AVögtle, Wikenhauser Festschr. ’53, 230–77; OGlombitza, D. Zeichen des Jona, NTS 8, ’62, 359–66.—In the OT circumcision is σημεῖον διαθήκης=a sign or token of belonging to the covenant (Gen 17:11). For Paul this sign becomes a mark, or seal (so σημεῖον: PRev 26, 5 [III B.C.]; PRein 9 introd. [II B.C.]; 35, 3; BGU 1064, 18) σημεῖον ἔλαβεν περιτομῆς σφραγῖδα he got the mark of circumcision as a seal Ro 4:11. In the difficult pass. B 12:5 ἐν σημείῳ is prob. best taken as by a sign; but it is poss. that the text is defective (s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.; RKraft, Did. and Barnabas ’65, 119 note: ‘standard, norm’).—τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου 2 Cor 12:12a belongs rather to the next category; the signs of the (true) apostle (cp. SIG 831, 14 [117 A.D.] ἡγούμην σημεῖα ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν) are, as is shown by the verb κατειργάσθη and what follows, the wonders or miracles performed by him.

② an event that is an indication or confirmation of intervention by transcendent powers, miracle, portent

ⓐ miracle

α. a miracle of divine origin, performed by God himself, by Christ, or by men of God (cp. Diod S 5, 70, 4 πολλὰ ς. of the young Zeus; 16, 27, 2 ἐγένετο αὐτῷ σημεῖον ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος; Strabo 16, 2, 35 παρὰ τ. θεοῦ ς.; Appian, Ital. 8 §1 σημείων γενομένων ἐκ Διός, Hann. 56 §233; SIG 709, 25 [c. 107 B.C.] διὰ τῶν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ γενομένων σαμείων; PGM 1, 65; 74; Jos., Ant. 2, 274; 280; Mel., P. 78, 568): Mt 12:38f; 16:1 (ς. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ), 4; Mk 8:11 (ς. ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, as Synes., Prov. 1, 7; s. OLinton, The Demand for a Sign from Heaven, StTh 19, ’65, 112–29; JGibson, JSNT 38, ’90, 37–66, a phenomenon suggesting divine deliverance), 12; 16:17, 20; Lk 11:16 (ς. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ), 29 (s. 1 above); 23:8; J 2:11, 18, 23; 3:2; 4:54; 6:2, 14, 26, 30; 7:31; 9:16; 10:41; 11:47; 12:18, 37; 20:30 (on σημ. as a designation of Jesus’ miracles in J s. Hdb. on J 2:11 and 6:26; JBernard, ICC John 1929, I introd. 176–86; CBarrett, The Gosp. acc. to St. John, ’55, 62–65); Ac 4:16, 22 (τὸ ς. τῆς ἰάσεως the miracle of healing); 8:6; 1 Cor 1:22; Agr 9. τί εἴδετε σημεῖον ἐπὶ τὸν γεννηθέντα βασιλέα; what kind of sign did you see over the newborn king? GJs 21:2 (codd.). τὸ σημεῖον τὸ ἐνάρετον the marvelous sign AcPl Ha 3,16.—σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα (Polyb. 3, 112, 8 σημείων δὲ καὶ τεράτων πᾶν μὲν ἱερόν, πᾶσα δʼ ἦν οἰκία πλήρης; Plut., Alex. 706 [75, 1 sing.]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 36 §144 τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα οὐράνια; 4, 4 §14; Aelian, VH 12, 57; Philo, Mos. 1, 95, Aet. M. 2; Jos., Bell. 1, 28, Ant. 20, 168. Oft. in LXX: Ex 7:3; Dt 4:34; 6:22; 7:19 al.; Is 8:18; 20:3; Jer 39:21; Wsd 8:8; 10:16) J 4:48; Ac 2:43; 4:30; 5:12; 6:8; 7:36; 14:3; 15:12; Ro 15:19; Hb 2:4; 1 Cl 51:5; B 4:14; 5:8. δυνάμεις καὶ τέρατα κ. σημεῖα Ac 2:22; 2 Cor 12:12b (SSchreiber, Paulus als Wundertäter: BZNW 79, ’96) σημεῖα καὶ δυνάμεις Ac 8:13.—1 Cl 25:1; 2 Cl 15:4. SMc-Casland, JBL 76, ’57, 149–52; MWhittaker, Studia Evangelica 5, ’68, 155–58.

β. worked by Satan or his agents to mislead God’s people (s. Iren. 5, 28, 2 [Harv. V 401, 32]) Rv 13:13f; 16:14; 19:20. σημεῖα κ. τέρατα Mt 24:24; Mk 13:22 (GBeasley-Murray, A Commentary on Mk 13, ’57; EGrässer, D. Problem der Parusie-verzögerung, ’57, 152–70); 2 Th 2:9; D 16:4.

ⓑ portent terrifying appearances in the heavens, never before seen, as portents of the last days Lk 21:11, 25 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 4 §14 σημεῖα πολλά around the sun; AscIs 3, 20); Ac 2:19 (cp. Jo 3:3); s. D 16:6. Of that which the seer of the Apocalypse sees ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ Rv 12:1, 3; 15:1. Of the portentous signs in heaven and earth at the death of Jesus GPt 8:28 (cp. Da 6:28 Theod. σημεῖα κ. τέρατα ἐν οὐρανῷ κ. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς; Diod S 38 + 39 Fgm. 5: at the end of each one of the eight ages ordained by God there is a σημεῖον ἐκ γῆς ἢ οὐρανοῦ θαυμάσιον).—On miracles s. SIG 1168–73; RLembert, Das Wunder bei Römern u. Griechen I 1905; RReitzenstein, Hellenist. Wundererzählungen 1906, OWeinreich, Antike Heilungswunder 1909, Gebet u. Wunder: WSchmid Festschr. 1929, 169ff; PWendland, De Fabellis Antiquis earumque ad Christianos Propagatione 1911; FKutsch, Attische Heilgötter u. Heilheroen 1913; WJayne, The Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations 1925; RHerzog, D. Wunderheilungen v. Epidaurus ’31; PFiebig, Jüdische Wundergeschichten des ntl. Zeitalters 1911; ASchlatter, Das Wunder in d. Synagoge 1912.—RLehmann, Naturwissenschaft u. bibl. Wunderfrage 1930; GNaumann, Die Wertschätzung des Wunders im NT 1903; GTraub, Das Wunder im NT² 1907; KBeth, Die Wunder Jesu 1908; JThompson, Miracles in the NT 1911; LFonck, Die Wunder des Herrn im Ev.² 1907; LFillion, Les miracles de Jésus-Christ 1909/1910; PDausch, Die Wunder Jesu 1912; SEitrem, Nordisk Tidskrift for Filologie 5, 1919, 30–36; RBultmann, Die Gesch. der synopt. Tradition² ’31, 223–60; RJelke, Die Wunder Jesu 1922; GShafto, The Wonders of the Kingdom 1924; JBest, The Miracles of Christ in the Light of our Present Day Knowledge ’37; TTorrance, Expository Studies in St. John’s Miracles ’38; ARichardson, The Miracle Stories of the Gospels ’41; AFridrichsen, Le Problème du Miracle dans le Christianisme primitif: Études d’ Hist. et de Phil. rel. XII 1925; HSchlingensiepen, Die Wunder des NT ’33; OPerels, D. Wunderüberlieferung der Synoptiker ’34; PSaintyves, Essais de folklore biblique 1923; GMarquardt, D. Wunderproblem in d. deutschen prot. Theologie der Gegenwart ’33; GDelling, D. Verständnis des Wunders im NT, ZST 24, ’55, 265–80, Zur Beurteilung des Wunders durch d. Antike: Studien zum NT ’70, 53–71; SMcCasland, Signs and Wonders, JBL 76, ’57, 149–52; CBarrett, The Gosp. Acc. to John ’55, 62–65; JCharlier, La notion de signe (sêmeion) dans J: RSPT 43, ’59, 434–48; PRiga, Signs of Glory (J): Int 17, ’63, 402–24; HvanderLoos, The Miracles of Jesus ’65; WNicol, The Semeia in the Fourth Gosp. ’72; for Acts s. FNeirynck, the Miracle Stories in the Acts of the Apostles, An Introduction, in Les Actes des Apôtres, ed. JKremer ’79, 169–213.—Esp. on the healing of demoniacs JWeiss, RE IV 408ff; JJaeger, Ist Jesus Christus ein Suggestionstherapeut gewesen? 1918; KKnur, M.D., Christus medicus? 1905; KDusberger, Bibel u. Kirche ’51, 114–17 (foretoken).—RGrant, Miracle and Natural Law in Graeco-Roman and Early Christian Thought ’52. S. also the lit. s.v. δαιμόνιον 2.—See further MWestermann, ed. ΠΑΡΑΔΟΞΑΓΡΑΦΟΙ, Scriptores Rerum Mirabilium Graeci, 1839.—B. 914. DELG s.v. σῆμα. M-M. DBS XII 1281–1330. EDNT. ABD IV 869 (lit.). TW. Spicq. Sv.

σταυρός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom. et al. in the sense ‘upright, pointed stake’ or ‘pale’; s. Iren. 1, 2, 4 cj. [Harv. I, 18, 4]; as name of an aeon Hippol., Ref. 6, 31, 6)

① a pole to be placed in the ground and used for capital punishment, cross (Diod S 2, 18, 1; Plut. et al.; Epict. 2, 2, 20; Diog. L. 6, 45; ApcEsdr 7:1 p. 32, 8 Tdf.; AscIs 3:18; Philo, In Flacc. 84; Jos., Ant. 11, 261; 266f.; Just.; s. also CSchneider, TW III 414, 4 and JCollins, The Archeology of the Crucifixion, CBQ 1, ’39, 154–59; JBlinzler, Der Prozess Jesu³, ’60, 278–81; EDinkler, Signum Crucis ’67; JFitzmyer, CBQ 40, ’78, 493–513), a stake sunk into the earth in an upright position; a cross-piece was oft. attached to its upper part (Artem. 2, 53), so that it was shaped like a T or thus: †—MHengel, Crucifixion ’77. Lit., w. other means of execution (Diogenes, Ep. 28, 3) IRo 5:3; Hv 3, 2, 1. Used in the case of Jesus Mt 27:40, 42; Mk 15:30, 32; J 19:25, 31; Phil 2:8 (Just., D. 134, 5); GPt 4:11; 10:39, 42. ὑπομένειν σταυρόν submit to the cross Hb 12:2. The condemned carried their crosses to the place of execution (Plut., Mor. 554a ἕκαστος κακούργων ἐκφέρει τὸν αὐτοῦ σταυρόν; Chariton 4, 2, 7 ἕκαστος τ. σταυρὸν ἔφερε; Artem. 2, 56.—Pauly-W. IV 1731) J 19:17; in the synoptics Simon of Cyrene was made to carry the cross for Jesus (Σίμων 4) Mt 27:32; Mk 15:21; Lk 23:26. An inscription on the cross indicated the reason for the execution J 19:19 (s. τίτλος).—WMichaelis, Zeichen, Siegel, Kreuz, TZ 12, ’56, 505–25. B seeks to show in several passages that acc. to the scriptures it was necessary for the Messiah to die on the cross: 8:1 (the ξύλον that plays a part in connection w. the red heifer, Num 19:6, is ὁ τύπος ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ); 9:8 (in the case of the 318 servants of Abraham Gen 14:14 the number 300 [=Τ ´] points to the cross; cp. Lucian, Jud. Voc. 12: the letter tau has the form of the σταυρός); 11:1, 8a (the ξύλον of Ps 1:3); 12:1 (scripture quot. of uncertain origin), 2.

② the cross, with focus on the fate of Jesus Christ, the cross. The cross of Christ is one of the most important elements in Christian cult and proclamation: w. death and resurrection IPhld 8:2 and other details of his life PtK 4 p. 15, 33. For Judeans a σκάνδαλον Gal 5:11 (cp. Dt 21:23); cp. IEph 18:1. Hence an occasion for persecution Gal 6:12 (τῷ σταυρῷ because of the cross; dat. of cause, s. ἀπιστία 1). But it was for Paul his only reason for boasting vs. 14. ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ the message of the cross 1 Cor 1:18, w. its mysterious, paradoxical character, is necessarily foolishness to unbelievers. For this reason any attempt to present this message in the form of worldly wisdom would rob the σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ of its true content vs. 17. τὸ μαρτύριον τοῦ σταυροῦ is the testimony rendered by the Passion to the fact of Christ’s bodily existence Pol 7:1 (cp. Just., D. 40, 3 πάθος τοῦ σταυροῦ).—Christ’s death on the cross brings salvation Eph 2:16; Col 2:14. εἰρηνοποιεῖν διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ make peace through the shedding of his blood on the cross 1:20 (s. W-S. §30, 12c; Rob. 226). Hence we may ἐπὶ τὸν σταυρὸν ἐλπίζειν B 11:8b. Paul knows of baptized Christians whom he feels constrained to call ἐχθροὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ because of their manner of life Phil 3:18. On the other hand Ign. speaks of blameless Christians ὥσπερ καθηλωμένους ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρ. σαρκί τε καὶ πνεύματι as if nailed to the cross of the Lord Jesus Christ both in the flesh and in the spirit ISm 1:1 (cp. MartAndr Prius 1, 14 [Aa II/1, 54–55]). In the imagery of Ign. the cross is called ἡ μηχανὴ Ἰησοῦ Χρ. IEph 9:1 (s. HSchlier, Relgesch. Untersuchungen zu d. Ign.-briefen 1929, 110–24), and the orthodox believers are the κλάδοι τοῦ σταυροῦ branches of the cross ITr 11:2. Such passages provide a link with the transf. sense

③ the suffering/death which believers endure in following the crucified Lord, cross λαμβάνειν τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ Mt 10:38. ἆραι τὸν στ. αὐτοῦ 16:24; Mk 8:34; 10:21 t.r.; Lk 9:23. βαστάζειν τὸν στ. ἑαυτοῦ 14:27 (s. on these parallel passages AFridrichsen, Festskrift for Lyder Brun 1922, 17–34.—EDinkler, Jesu Wort v. Kreuztragen: Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 110–29).—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἀρνέομαι fut. ἀρνήσομαι; 1 aor. ἠρνησάμην (B-D-F §78; BGU 195, 22); pf. ἤρνημαι; mid.-pass. aor. inf. ἀρνηθῆναι (Just., D. 69, 4) (Hom.+).

① to refuse consent to someth., refuse, disdain (Hes., Works 408; Appian, Syr. 5 §19; Artem. 1, 78 p. 72, 26; 5, 9; Diog. L. 2, 115; 6, 36; Jos., Ant. 4, 86; 5, 236, Vi. 222) w. inf. foll. (Hdt. 6, 13, 2; Wsd 12:27; 17:9) ἠρνήσατο λέγεσθαι υἱός he refused to be known as the son Hb 11:24 (JFeather, ET 43, ’32, 423–25).

② to state that someth. is not true, deny (Hippol., Ref. 6, 42, 1; opp. ὁμολογεῖν=admit, say ‘yes’, as Diog. L. 6, 40; Jos., Ant. 6, 151; Did., Gen. 176, 14) w. ὅτι foll.: ἀ. ὅτι Ἰης. οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Χριστός 1J 2:22 (the neg. is redundant as Demosth. 9, 54 ἀ. ὡς οὐκ εἰσὶ τοιοῦτοι; Alciphron 4, 17, 4 v.l.). W. acc. τὶ someth. (Jos., Ant. 6, 151 τ. ἁμαρτίαν, Vi. 255) IMg 9:1. W. acc. and inf. foll. PtK 2 p. 14, 22. W. inf. foll. (Epict. 3, 24, 81; Wsd 16:16) ἠρνησάμην δεδωκέναι I said that I had not given (it) Hv 2, 4, 2. Abs. (SIG 780, 25; Gen 18:15) Lk 8:45; J 1:20; Ac 4:16.

③ to disclaim association with a pers. or event, deny, repudiate, disown (verbally or nonverbally) w. acc. someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 39 §154 ἀρνούμενοι τὸν Δύρραχον) or someth., or abs., with obj. supplied fr. the context; usu. of backsliders.

ⓐ of repudiating Moses Ac 7:35

ⓑ of repudiating Christ ἀ. με ἔμπροσθεν τ. ἀνθρώπων Mt 10:33a; Lk 12:9; ἀ. (αὐτὸν) κατὰ πρόσωπον Πιλάτου Ac 3:13; cp. vs. 14; ἀ. τὸν κύριον Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 9, 26, 6; 9, 28, 8; Dg 7:7. τὸν Ἰησοῦν 2 Cl 17:7; cp. 3:1. Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν Jd 4. τὸν υἱόν 1J 2:23. τὸν δεσπότην (s. below c) 2 Pt 2:1; cp. ISm 5:1. Of Peter’s denial (MGoguel, Did Peter Deny His Lord? HTR 25, ’32, 1–27) Mt 26:70, 72; Mk 14:68, 70; Lk 22:57; J 13:38; 18:25, 27. ἀ. τὴν ζωήν = τὸν Χριστόν Hv 2, 2, 7. Without obj. 2 Ti 2:12a; Hv 2, 3, 4; Hs 9, 26, 5; 9, 28, 4 and 7; MPol 9:2.

ⓒ of repudiating God (Aesop, Fab. 323 P.=Babrius 152 Crus. τὸν πρότερόν σου δεσπότην [Apollo] ἠρνήσω) ἀ. θεὸν τοῖς ἔργοις disown God by deeds Tit 1:16. ἀ. τὸν πατέρα καὶ τ. υἱόν 1J 2:22. μὴ θέλειν ἀ. θεόν Dg 10:7.

ⓓ of Christ’s repudiation of pers. (cp. the Egypt. ins HTR 33, ’40, 318 τοῦτον ἀπηρνήσαντο θεοί) Mt 10:33b; 2 Ti 2:12b.

ⓔ w. impers. obj. refuse, reject, decline someth. (Lycophron v. 348 γάμους=marriage; Himerius, Or. 18 [Ecl. 19], 2 the χάρις of a god, the gracious gift offered by the deity; 4 Macc 8:7; 10:15; Nägeli 23) ἀ. τὴν πίστιν repudiate the (Christian) faith 1 Ti 5:8; Rv 2:13. τὸ ὄνομά μου 3:8. τὸν νόμον Hs 8, 3, 7.

ⓕ of behavior that in effect repudiates one’s standards for self-identity ἀ. ἑαυτόν be untrue to oneself 2 Ti 2:13.

ⓖ gener. ἀ. ποικίλαις ἀρνήσεσι deny in many different ways Hs 8, 8, 4.

④ to refuse to pay any attention to, disregard, renounce ἀ. ἑαυτόν deny, disregard oneself =act in a wholly selfless way Lk 9:23 (s. ἀπαρνέομαι). ἀ. τὴν δύναμιν εὐσεβείας deny the function of piety (by contradictory conduct) 3:5. τὴν ἀσέβειαν ἀ. renounce impiety Tit 2:12.—HRiesenfeld, The Mng. of the Verb ἀρνεῖσθαι: ConNeot 11, ’47, 207–19; CMasson, Le reniement de Pierre: RHPR 37, ’57, 24–35; MWilcox, NTS 17, ’70/71, 426–36; s. lit. s.v. ἀπαρνέομαι.—B. 1269; 1273. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἐπιδείκνυμι fut. ἐπιδείξω; 1 aor. ἐπέδειξα; pf. ptc. ἐπιδεδειχώς (Ath. 20, 1); pass. ptc. ἐπιδεδειγμένους 3 Macc 6:26 v.l. (Pind., Hdt.+)

① to cause to be seen, show, point out τινί τι someth. to someone (IAndrosIsis, Kyme 22 Ἐγὼ μυήσεις ἀνθρώποις ἐπέδειξα I [Isis] made humans acquainted w. initiations [into mystery rites]; Jos., Ant. 10, 31) Mt 22:19; 24:1. τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας Lk 24:40 v.l.; μαρτύριον MPol 1:1. ἐ. ἑαυτόν τινι show oneself to someone Lk 17:14 (Appian, Mithrid. 89 §407 Ἀλέξανδρος αὑτὸν ἐπέδειξεν). ἐ. τινὶ σημεῖον ἐκ. τ. οὐρανοῦ show someone (=do in someone’s presence) a sign from heaven Mt 16:1; cp. GJs 8:3. ἵνα μοι ἐπιδείξῃ ὸ̔ ἐπηγγείλατο ὅραμα so that you may grant me sight of the promised vision Hv 3, 2, 3. Without dat. ὅλον ἑαυτὸν ἐπιδίξας revealing himself completely (a lion) AcPl Ha 4, 29. Also the mid. in the same mng. show τ. φυλάρχοις τὰς σφραγῖδας (cp. SIG 1157, 46f) 1 Cl 43:5. The mid. is found in a special sense Ac 9:39 ἐπιδεικνύμεναι χιτῶνας, where the women show the garments on themselves, i.e. as they are wearing them (Socrat., Ep. 23, 3 τοιαῦτα ἐπιδεικνύμενοι=show such things on oneself).

② to claim a characteristic or quality for someth., represent, fig. extension of mng. 1 (Pla.; X., Symp. 3, 3 al.) τὸ ψεῦδός μου ἀληθὲς ἐπέδειξα my lies I represented as truth Hm 3:3.

③ to demonstrate that someth. is true, demonstrate, show (Aristoph., Pla. et al.; Herm. Wr. 4, 7; PEleph 1, 7; PGiss 2 I, 24; LXX, esp. 4 Macc; Just., D. 24, 1) τὶ someth., give proof Hb 6:17. ἐ. ἑαυτόν reveal oneself Dg 8:5; cp. vs. 6. τινί w. indir. quest. foll. B 6:13. W. ὅτι foll. (Philo, Agr. 22) 5:7. W. διά τινος (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 1 διὰ τοῦ βιβλίου) θεὸς … διὰ γνώσεως ζωὴν ἐπιδεικνύς showing that life depends on knowledge Dg 12:3 and acc. foll. Ac 18:28. Likew. the mid. (oft. Philo) 1 Cl 24:1. W. ὅτι foll. MPol 2:2.—M-M. TW.

μάλα [ μᾰλᾰ; but Hom. sts. uses the ult. long before λ, Il.3.214, 4.379; before μ, 10.172], Adv.

A very, exceedingly, prefixed or subjoined to Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs:

1 strengthening the word with which it stands,

a with Adjs., in Hom. most freq., μάλα πολλά very many, Od.1.1; μ. πᾶσα, μ. πάντα, every one, all together, Il.13.741, Od.2.306, etc.; μάλ' ἀσκηθής all unhurt, 5.26; ἀβληχρὸς μ. τοῖος quite gentle, 11.135; σαρδάνιον μ. τοῖον a quite sardonic smile, 20.302;

μάλα μυρίοι 15.556

, 16.121, etc.; ἐμέο πρότερος μ. actually before me, Il.10.124; later, μ. φιλόσοφοι, πλάτανος μάλ' ἀμφιλαφής, etc., Pl.Prm. 126b, Phdr. 230b, etc.: strengthd., μ. δὴ πρεσβύτης very old, X.Cyr.8.7.1;

μ. γέ τινες ὀλίγοι Pl.R. 531e

.

b with Advs., πάγχυ μ., μ. πάγχυ, quite utterly, Il.12.165, 14.143;

πάνυ μ. Pl.Phd. 80c

; εὖ μ. right well, Od.22.190, Pl.Phd. 92d, etc.;

μάλα.. εὖ Od.23.175

, cf. Pl.Tht. 156a; μάλ' αὐτίκα (v. αὐτίκα) ; μάλ' αἰεί for ever and aye, Il.13.557, 23.717; ἄχρι μ. κνέφαος until quite dark, Od.18.370; μάλ' ὧδε just in this way, 6.258; μ. διαμπερές right through, Il.20.362; μ. μόλις (v. μόλις); to express repeated action,

μάλ' αὖθις A.Ag. 1345

, Ch. 654;

μάλ' αὖ S.El. 1410

, etc.; μ. alone,

ἔα, ἔα μ. A.Ch. 870

;

οἲ μ. καὶ τόδ' ἀλγῶ Id.Pers. 1045

(lyr.);

εἶα μ. Ar. Pax 460s

q. (so

ἄλλος πύργος.., καὶ ἕτερος μ. ἐπὶ τούτῳ Hdt. 1.181

, cf. 7.186): freq. after

καί, αὗταί σ' ὁδηγήσουσι καὶ μάλ' ἀσμένως A.Pr. 728

, cf. Ch. 879: with neg., μάλ' οὐ, μάλ' οὔ πως, Il.2.241, Od. 5.103;

οὐ μ. Hdt.1.93

, 2.37, S.Ph. 676 (lyr.).

c with Verbs,

μήτ' ἄρ με μάλ' αἴνεε Il.10.249

;

μ. τ' ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ 1.218

; ἡ δὲ μάλ' ἡνιόχευεν drove carefully, Od.6.319; μ... προπέμπει in earnest, A.Th. 915 (lyr.), cf. Eu. 368 (lyr.);

καὶ μ. δοκοῦντας φρονίμους εἶναι X.Cyr.6.1.36

;

μ. πολιορκούμενοι Id.HG7.1.25

.

2 strengthening an assertion, νῦν σε μ. χρὴ αἰχμητὴν ἔμεναι, i.e. now or never, Il.16.492; τῷ κε μάλ' ἤ κεν μεῖνε .. then doubtless he would have stayed, Od.4.733; σοὶ δὲ μάλ' ἕψομ' ἐγώ yes indeed.., Il.10.108; ἀλλὰ μάλ' ὤφελλες why plainly.., Od.4.472: freq. with another word, as ἦ μ. δή .. now in very truth, Il.5.422, etc.;

ἦ δή που μ. 21.583

; freq. ἦ μ. (without δή) 3.204, etc.

3 in Hom. sts. after εἰ, as εἰ μ. μιν χόλος ἵκοι if wrath come on him ever so much, Il.17.399, cf. Od.5.485, al.;

καὶ εἰ μ. τις πολεμίζοι Il.9.318

; also μ. περ c. part., μ. περ μεμαώς though desiring never so much, 13.317, cf. 14.58, 17.710, al.;

καὶ μ. περ 1.217

, cf. 17.571;

καὶ εὐρέα περ μάλ' ἐόντα Od.18.385

.

4 in [dialect] Att. freq. in answers, yes, certainly,

μ. γε Pl.R. 555d

, 564e, etc.;

μ. τοι X.Mem.1.2.46

;

καὶ μ. Pl.Phdr. 258c

;

καὶ μ. γε Id.Tht. 148c

, etc.; καὶ μ. δή ib. 177a; καὶ μ. ἐπαύσατο certainly it stopped, Id.Smp. 189a, etc.

II [comp] Comp. [full] μᾶλλον [[pron. full] ᾱ by nature, Hdn.Gr.2.932], [dialect] Ion. [full] μάλιον [pron. full] [ᾰ] only in Tyrt.12.6, cf. Choerob.in An.Ox.2.240; late [dialect] Dor. [full] μαλλότερον Pempel. ap. Stob.4.25.52:—more, rather, Il.5.231, Od.1.351, al.: mostly folld. by ἤ, but in Prose also by a gen., μ. τοῦ ξυμφέροντος more than is expedient, Antipho 5.1;

μ. τοῦ δέοντος Pl.Grg. 487b

, X.Mem.4.3.8 (sts. expressed by μᾶλλον alone, Pl. Phd. 63d);

οὐπώποτ' ἔργου μ. εἱλόμην λόγους E.Fr. 394

; παντὸς μ. most assuredly, Pl.Lg. 715d (v. infr. 8); in Id.Ap. 36d, οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅτι μ. πρέπει οὕτως, ὡς.., ὡς is prob. = ἤ (v. ὡς): denoting a constant increase, more and more, sts. doubled,

μ. μ. E.IT 1406

, Ar.Ra. 1001 (lyr.), Alex.29: in positive sense, exceedingly,

κηρόθι μ. Il.9.300

, Od.15.370, al.:—Usage:

1 freq. strengthened by other words,

πολὺ μ. Il.9.700

, etc.;

ἔτι μ. 14.97

, al.;

μ. ἔτ' ἢ τὸ πάροιθεν Od.1.322

;

καὶ μ. Il.8.470

;

καὶ μ. ἔτι Od.18.22

;

ἔτι καὶ μ. Pi.P.10.57

;

ἔτι καὶ πολὺ μ. Il.23.386

, 429, Hes.Th. 428;

ἐπὶ μ. Hdt.3.104

;

ἔτι ἐπὶ μ. Id.1.94

;

πολλῷ μ. Pl.Phd. 80e

, 1 Ep.Cor.12.22: also modified, μᾶλλόν τι somewhat more,

μ. τι περιημέκτεε Hdt.1.114

, cf.50, etc.;

μ. ἤδη προσδεχομένου Th.8.71

.

2 sts. with a second [comp] Comp.,

ῥηΐτεροι μ. Il.24.243

, cf. Hdt.1.32, A.Th. 673, Supp. 279, S.Ant. 1210, E.El. 222, Pl. Phd. 79e, Is.4.14 (s.v.l.), Arist.Top. 116b24.

3 μᾶλλον δέ much more.., or rather.., to correct a statement already made,

ὁ δεσπότης πέπραγεν εὐτυχέστατα, μ. δ' ὁ Πλοῦτος αὐτός Ar.Pl. 634

;

πολλοί, μ. δὲ πάντες D.18.65

, cf. Pl.Smp. 173e; so

ἢ μ. Corn.ND20

, Simp.in Ph.25.16; οὐχὶ μ. ἤ .. not so, but rather so.., Th.2.87.

4 μ. δὲ καὶ ἡσυχαίτερα more or less violent, Id.3.82.

5 οὐδὲν μ. none the more, ib.79;

οὐδέν τι μ. Pl.Phd. 87d

; μηδέν τι μ. ἤ .. S.Aj. 280.

6 μ. ἤ .. folld. by οὐ in comparisons, where preference implies rejection or denial,

πόλιν ὅλην διαφθεῖραι μᾶλλον ἤ οὐ τοὺς αἰτίους Th.3.36

: preceded by another neg., Hdt.4.118, 5.94, 7.16. γ, etc.: by an interrog. which conveys a neg. force, τίδεῖ.. μᾶλλον, ἤ οὐ .. ; X.HG6.3.15.

7 τὸ μ. καὶ ἧττον, a form of argument, a fortiori, Arist.Rh. 1397b12.

8 παντὸς μ., v. πᾶς 111.4.

III [comp] Sup. [full] μάλιστα most of all, above all, Hom., etc.;

πᾶσι, μάλιστα δ' ἐμοί Od.21.353

; μ. μὲν.., ἔπειτα or ἔπειτα δέ .., first and above all.., next.., S.OT 647, cf. Ph. 1285; μ. μὲν.., δεύτερον δὲ .. Is.2.20; μ. μὲν.., εἰ δὲ μὴ .. Hdt.8.22, Th.1.40, Pl.R. 590d, D.20.25, etc.;

τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ μ. μὲν θάνατος, εἰ δὲ μή, πάντα τὰ ὄντα ἀφελέσθαι Id.21.152

; μάλιστα μὲν.., μᾶλλον μέντοι .. Pl.Smp. 180b; μάλιστα.., εἰ μὴ δ' .. S.Ph. 617; δοκέων μιν μ. ταύτης ἂν πείθεσθαι certainly, Hdt.3.53; τί μ.; what precisely? Pl.Grg. 448d, cf. Men. 80b, Smp. 218c: c. gen. partit.,

μ. πάντων Hdt.2.37

, Pl.Prt. 327a, cf. Th. 4.86; τὸ μ. πάντων the supreme reality, Plot.5.5.11; τὸ μ. εἶναι the highest degree of being, Id.6.2.7.

1 strengthd., ὡς μ. certainly, A.Supp. 294, Pl.R. 460a, etc.;

ὅσον μ. A.Pr. 524

;

ὅσα ἐδύνατο μ. Hdt.1.185

;

ὡς δύναμαι μ. Pl.R. 367b

;

ὡς οἷόν τε μ. Id.Grg. 510b

;

εἰς ὅσον ἀνθρώπῳ δυνατὸν μ. Id.Phdr. 277a

;

ὅτι μ. δύνασαι Id.Sph. 239b

;

μακρῷ μ. Hdt.1.171

;

πολλῷ μ. Paus.1.42.3

;

παντὸς μ. D.H.3.35

, etc.

2 with the Art., ἐς τὰ μ. in the highest degree, Hdt.1.20, 2.76, Th.6.104, 8.6, D.21.212: without

ἐς, φίλοι τὰ μ. Hdt.2.147

, cf.Th. 1.92, D.21.62;

τά γε μ. Pl.Lg. 794d

; εἰ τὰ μ. ἦσαν ἀληθεῖς if they were ever so true, D.18.95; εἰ τὰ μ. μὴ τινές, ἀλλὰ πάντες .. if ( to put an extreme case) not some, but all.., Id.20.2;

εἰ.. δοκοίη τὰ μ. Id.18.21

; ἀνὴρ δόκιμος ὁμοῖα τῷ μ. as famous as he that is most [famous], Hdt.7.118, cf. 3.8;

τοῖς μάλισθ' ὁμοίως D.Ep.2.24

.

b ἐν τοῖς μ. especially, as much as any, Th.8.90, Pl.Smp. 173b, etc.: with a [comp] Sup.,

ἐν τοῖς μ. ὠμότατος Ael.VH14.40

;

φιλτάτη καὶ ἀναγκαιοτάτη ἐν τοῖς μ. Procop.Arc.4

.

3 added to a [comp] Sup. (v.

μάλα 11.2

, πλεῖστον) , ἔχθιστος μ., μ. φίλτατος, Il.2.220, 24.334;

μ. κῃ ἐμφερέστατα Hdt.2.76

;

μ. φίλτατος E.Hipp. 1421

: to a [comp] Comp. (?),

μ. δὴ ὀκνηρότεροι ἐγένοντο Th.4.55

.

4 μάλιστα for

μᾶλλον, μ. τῆς κόρης E.IA[1594]

;

μ. ἤ ἐμοί A.R.3.91

.

5 with numerals, in round numbers, about, Th.3.29, 92, X.HG5.2.31, etc.; πεντήκοντα μάλιστα is 49 in Th.1.118;

ἑκατοστὸς μ. 99t

h, Id.8.68; ἐς μέσον μάλιστά κῃ about the middle, Hdt. 1.191, cf. 76;

ἥμισυ μ. Th.1.93

; μ. σφᾶς μεσοῦν δειπνοῦντας that they were about the middle of supper, Pl.Smp. 175c;

κου μ. Hdt.7.22

;

μ. πως Plb.2.41.13

.

6 in answers, most certainly, Ar.Pl. 827, etc.;

μ. γε S.OT 994

, Ar.Nu. 253;

μ. πάντων Id.Av. 1531

;

πάντων μ. Pl.Grg. 453d

; v. supr.1.4. (Orig. perh. fiercely, cf. μαλερός.)

οὐσί-α, [dialect] Ion.

A

- ιη Hdt.1.92

, 6.86.ά, SIG167.26 (Mylasa, iv B. C.); [dialect] Dor. [full] ἐσσία, [full] ὠσία (qq. v.): ἡ: ( ὀντ-, part. of εἰμί sum):—that which is one's own, one's substance, property, Hdt. ll.cc., S.Tr. 911 (s. v. l.), E. HF 337, Hel. 1253 (pl., Fr. 354 (s. v. l.)), Ar.Ec. 729, Lys.18.17, Pl.R. 551b, SIGl.c., etc.; opp. τὰ σώματα (civil status), And.1.74;

καλῶς.. ἐπεμελήθη τῶν οὐσιῶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ δημάρχου BSA24.154

(Attica, iv B.C.); εἰ ἐκεκτήμην οὐ. if I had been a man of substance, Lys.24.11;

ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐ. δαπανᾶν Diph.32.7

;

πατρῴαν οὐ. κατεσθίειν Anaxipp.1.32

, cf. Critias 45 D.; φανερὰ οὐσία real property, immovables, And.1.118; opp. ἀφανής, Lys.32.4; freq. of estates in Egypt, PTeb.6.23 (ii B. C., pl.), BGU650.3 (i A. D.), OGI665.30 (i A. D.), etc.

II in Philos., like [dialect] Ion. φύσις (with which it is interchanged in various uses, e. g. Philol. 11, Pl.R. 359a, 359b, Arist.PA 646a25, Thphr.HP6.1.1), stable being, immutable reality, opp.

γένεσις, ὅτιπερ πρὸς γένεσιν οὐσία, τοῦτο πρὸς πίστιν ἀλήθεια Pl.Ti. 29c

, cf. Sph. 232c;

ὧν κίνησις γένεσιν παραλαβοῦσα ἀέναον οὐ. ἐπόρισεν Id.Lg. 966e

;

γένεσις μὲν τὸ σπέρμα, οὐ. δὲ τὸ τέλος Arist.PA 641b32

, cf. 640a18, etc.;

ὁδὸς εἰς οὐσίαν Id.Metaph. 1003b7

: hence, being in the abstract, opp. non-being ([etym.] τὸ μὴ εἶναι), Pl.Tht. 185c.

2 substance, essence, opp. πάθη ('modes'), Id.Euthphr. 11a;

πάθη οὐσίας Arist.Metaph. 1003b7

; opp. συμβεβηκότα ('accidents'), Id.APo. 83a24, PA 643a27;

ἡ φύσις [τῆς ψυχῆς] καὶ ἡ οὐ., εἶθ' ὅσα συμβέβηκε περὶ αὐτήν Id.de An. 402a8

.

3 true nature of that which is a member of a kind, defined as

ὃ τυγχάνει ἕκαστον ὄν Pl.Phd. 65d

; as τὸ ὅ ἐστι ib. 92d; as

τὸ τί ἐστι Arist.APo. 90b30

; τὸ εἶναί τε καὶ τὴν οὐ. Pl.R. 509b; expressed in a formula or definition,

ψυχῆς οὐ. τε καὶ λόγον Id.Phdr. 245e

;

τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι οὗ ὁ λόγος ὁρισμός, καὶ τοῦτο οὐ. λέγεται Arist.Metaph. 1017b22

; μόνης τῆς οὐ. ἐστὶν ὁ ὁρισμός ib. 1031a1.

4 the possession of such a nature, substantiality,

ἔτι ἐπέκεινα τῆς οὐ. πρεσβείᾳ.. ὑπερέχοντος Pl.R. 509b

.

5 in the concrete, the primary real, the substratum underlying all change and process in nature, applied by Arist. to the atoms of Democritus, Fr. 208; to

τὰ ἁπλᾶ σώματα Id.Cael. 298a29

, cf. Metaph. 1017b10;

πᾶσαι αἱ φυσικαὶ οὐ. ἢ σώματα ἢ μετὰ σωμάτων γίγνονται Id.Cael. 298b3

, al.;

ταὐτὸν σῶμα καὶ οὐσίαν ὁριζόμενοι Pl. Sph. 246a

; but also, νοητὰ ἄττα καὶ ἀσώματα εἴδη.. τὴν ἀληθινὴν οὐ. ib.b.

6 in Logic, substance as the leading category, Arist. Cat. 1b26, Metaph. 1045b29; αἱ πρῶται οὐ. (individuals), αἱ δεύτεραι οὐ. (species and genera), Id.Cat. 2b5, 2a15 (but

ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὁ ἵππος.. οὐκ ἔστιν οὐ. ἀλλὰ σύνολόν τι Id.Metaph. 1035b29

, cf. σύνθετος or συνθέτη οὐ. ib. 1043a30, de An. 412a16);

ἡ μὲν ψυχὴ οὐ. ἡ πρώτη, τὸ δὲ σῶμα ὕλη Id.Metaph. 1037a5

;

ἡ ψυχὴ οὐ. ὡς εἶδος Id.de An. 412a19

; ἡ οὐ. ἐντελέχεια ib.21; [

ψυχὴ] οὐ. τοῦ ἐμψύχου Id.Metaph. 1035b15

; of the abstract objects of mathematics,

μονὰς οὐ. ἄθετος, στιγμὴ δὲ οὐ. θετός Id.APo. 87a36

.

7 after Pl. and Arist. in various uses, as ἡ ἄποιος οὐ., = ἡ ὕλη, Zeno Stoic.1.24; κατὰ οὐσίαν, opp. κατὰ δύναμιν ἢ ἐνέργειαν, Polystr.p.12 W.; πᾶς νοῦς ἀμέριστός ἐστιν οὐ. Procl.Inst. 171, cf. Plot.2.4.5, 2.6.1, 4.7.8, 6.1.2, al.

8 Pythag. name for I, Theol.Ar.6.

III name of a plaster, Aët.15.15,45.

IV αἱ οὐ. fireresisting substances, Zos.Alch.p.168 B.; of the four σώματα (copper, tin, lead, iron), Ps.-Democr. ap. eund.p.167 B.

V in Magic, a material thing by which a connexion is established between the person to be acted upon and the supernatural agent, e.g. a hair,

λαβὼν βελόνην διείρων τὴν οὐ. εἰς αὐτήν PMag.Par.1.2949

, cf. PMag.Osl. 1.73; mould from a tomb, PMag.Par.1.435; κυνοκεφάλου οὐ.,.. κυνὸς οὐ., = κόπρος (cf. 2460), ib.2687, etc.

σύνοιδα, [tense] pf. with [tense] pres. sense, [ per.] 1pl.

A

σύνισμεν Pl.Sph. 232c

, [dialect] Ion.

συνοίδαμεν Hdt.9.60

, [ per.] 3pl.

συνίσᾱσι S.El.93

(anap.), Isoc.8.113, X. Cyr.3.1.9, etc. (rarely

συνοίδασι Lys.11.1

, Plb.27.9.11); imper.

σύνισθι E.Hec. 870

; inf.

ξυνειδέναι S.Ant. 266

: [tense] plpf. with [tense] impf. sense, συνῄδειν, [dialect] Att. συνῄδη, dual συνῄστην, pl. -ῇσμεν, -ῇστε, -ῇσαν, [dialect] Ion.[ per.] 2pl.

συνῃδέᾰτε Hdt.9.58

: [tense] fut. συν ([etym.] ξυν-) είσομαι Ar.Ec.17, V. 999, X.HG2.4.17 (rarely

συνειδήσω Isoc.1.16

, and [tense] aor. part.

- ειδήσας Phld.Lib. p.32

O.):— know something about a person, esp. as a potential witness for or against him, ἢ (sc. Δίκη)

σιγῶσα σύνοιδε τὰ γιγνόμενα πρό τ' ἐόντα Sol.4.15

; τά τοι ἐγὼ καὶ ἀμφότερα συνειδὼς ἔχω μαρτυρέειν to both of which I, knowing them true of you, can testify, Hdt.5.24;

εἰ τέοισί τι χρηστὸν συνῄδεε πεποιημένον Id.8.113

;

ἐπαινεόντων τούτους τοῖσί τι καὶ συνῃδέατε Id.9.58

; τὰ Μηδικὰ καὶ ὅσα αὐτοὶ σύνιστε our other services to which you can testify, Th.1.73;

ἂ ξύνισμεν τοῖσιν ἵπποις βουλόμεσθ' ἐπαινέσαι Ar.Eq. 595

(troch.);

συνοίδαμεν ὑμῖν ὑπὸ τὸν παρεόντα τόνδε πόλεμον ἐοῦσι πολλὸν προθυμοτάτοισι Hdt.9.60

; ὑπολαμβάνων παρ' ὑμῶν ἑκάστῳ τὸ συνειδὸς ὑπάρχειν μοι believing that I can rely on your acknowledgement of my services, D.18.110; τί μοι σύνοισθα τοιοῦτον εἰργασμένῳ; X.Smp.4.62;

σύνοιδα τῷ μειρακίῳ κοσμίῳ τὸν πρότερον ὄντι χρόνον ἀεί Men.Sam.57

;

πότερον οὐ συνοίδασιν αὐτῷ ποιοῦντι τὰ δίκαια Plb.27.9.11

; ξυνειδὼς οὐ φράσεις; S.OT 330;

ἵνα τούτῳ ταῦτα συνειδῶμεν Pl.Prt. 348b

;

ἐρῶ.. ἂ σύνοιδα αὐτῷ X.Mem.2.7.1

; οὐκ αἰσχυνοῦμαι.. εἰπεῖν (v.l.)

ἅπασιν ὅσα σύνοιδ' αὐτῷ κακά Ar.Fr. 200

;

ξύνοιδ' ἄντροισιν αἰσχύνην τινά E. Ion 288

; θνῄσκοντι συνείσῃ (cj. Reiske for συνοίσῃ) thou wilt witness my death, S.Ph. 1085 (lyr.);

διὰ δικαιοσύνην, τήν οἱ ἄλλην συνῄδεε ἐοῦσαν Hdt.7.164

;

τοιοῦτον αὐτοῖς Ἄρεος εὔβουλον πάγον ἐγὼ ξυνῄδη χθόνιον ὄνθ' S.OC 948

; δύ' ἡμῶν ἢ τρία κακὰ ξυνειδὼς εἶπε δρώσας μυρία (sc. Εὐριπίδης) Ar.Th. 475, cf. 553;

ἀφανίζει τὸν παῖδα, ὃς συνῄδει περὶ τῶν χρημάτων Isoc.17.11

, cf. Men.Epit. 210;

τῆς ἁρπαγῆς τοῦ παιδὸς εἰ ξύνοισθά τι, ταχέως λέγειν χρή Antiph.74.3

; καὶ τίνα σύνοισθά μοι καλουμένῃ βροτῶν; A.Ch. 216; σύνοιδ' Ὀρέστην πολλά σ' ἐκπαγλουμένην ib. 217; σύνοιδα τοῖς πλείστοις αὐτῶν ἥκιστα χαίρουσι I can bear witness that most of them are far from pleased.., Isoc.7.50; with a mixture of dat. and acc.constr.,

συνίσασι γὰρ αὐτῷ.. καθιστάμενον, ἐκ δὲ τούτων.. δυνάμενον Id.15.120

;

ἐγώ σοι σ... ἀνιστάμενον καὶ.. βαδίζοντα καὶ ἀναπείθοντα X.Oec.3.7

; freq. with reflex. Pron. in dat.,

ἔμ' αὔτᾳ τοῦτο σύνοιδα Sapph.15

; ἐξ ὧν αὐτὸς σύνοισθα σαυτῷ ἐν τῇ τῶν γραμμάτων μαθήσει from your experience of yourself.., Pl.Tht. 206a; σύνοιδ' ἐμαυτῇ πολλὰ ([etym.] δείν') Ar.Th. 477, cf. X.Mem.2.9.6, Pl.R. 331a;

ξυνειδέναι τί μοι δοκεῖς σαυτῷ καλόν Ar.Eq. 184

;

πολλὴν ἑαυτοῖς συνειδέναι ἀσέβειαν X.Ap.24

;

συνειδὼς ἐμαυτῷ ἀμαθίαν Pl.Phdr. 235c

;

τὴν πατρίδα, εἰς ἢν τοσαύτην εὔνοιαν ἐμαυτῷ σύνοιδα D.Ep.2.20

;

σ. ἑαυτοῖς ἄγνοιαν Arist.EN 1095a25

;

σ. αὑτῷ τὴν δειλίαν Id.HA 618a26

;

μηδὲν ἑαυτοῖς ἄτοπον συνειδέναι Socr.

ap. Stob.3.24.13, cf. Isoc.3.59, LXX Jb.27.6, 1 Ep.Cor.4.4; συνειδότες αὑτοῖς with full consciousness, Polystr.p.15 W.:—with part.

a in nom., πῶς οὖν ἐμαυτῷ τοῦτ' ἐγὼ ξυνείσομαι, φεύγοντ' ἀπολύσας ἄνδρα; Ar.V. 999;

ἡνίκ' ἄν τις ἐσθλὸς ὢν αὑτῷ συνειδῇ S.Fr. 931

;

ὅστις τούτων σύνοιδεν αὑτῷ παρημεληκώς X.An.2.5.7

;

σύνισμεν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς ἀπὸ παίδων ἀρξάμενοι ἀσκηταὶ ὄντες τῶν καλῶν κἀγαθῶν ἔργων Id.Cyr. 1.5.11

; συνειδέναι σαυτῷ δοκεῖς οὐπώποτ' ἀμελήσας αὐτῶν ib.1.6.4, cf. 3.3.38, HG2.3.12;

οὔτε μέγα οὔτε σμικρὸν σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ σοφὸς ὤν Pl.Ap. 21b

;

ὅταν καὶ μηδὲν σαυτῷ συνειδῇς ἐξαμαρτάνων Isoc.5.79

.

b in dat.,

σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ ἀντιλέγειν οὐ δυναμένῳ Pl.Smp. 216b

;

σύνισμεν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς κηλουμένοις ὑπ' αὐτῆς Id.R. 607c

;

τὸ συνειδέναι πεπρακόσιν αὑτοῖς τὰ πράγματα D.19.208

;

συνειδόθ' αὑτῷ φαῦλα διαπεπραγμένῳ Philem.229

.

2 c. dat. rei, know something about a thing,

τοῖς διὰ τῶν εἰκότων τὰς ἀποδείξεις ποιουμένοις λόγοις σύνοιδα οὖσιν ἀλαζόσιν Pl.Phd. 92d

;

διὰ τὸ συνειδέναι τοῖς σφετέροις πράγμασι τετρυ[μ]μένοις καὶ κάμνουσιν ἤδη τῷ πολέμῳ Plb.1.62.7

;

σε.. συνειδότα τοῖς πρὸς ἐμὲ σοὶ πεπολιτευμένοις Phalar.Ep. 109

; καιρὸς.. σὲ εἰπεῖν ἃ σύνοισθα τῷ βίῳ ἑκάστῳ what you know about each life, Luc.Gall.15.

II share the knowledge of something with somebody, to be implicated in or privy to it, οὐδὲ ξυνῄδει σοί τις ἔκθεσιν τέκνου; E. Ion 956;

δουλοῖ γὰρ ἄνδρα,.. ὅταν ξυνειδῇ μητρὸς ἢ πατρὸς κακά Id.Hipp. 425

; ξύνοιδε δ' οὔτις οἰκετῶν νόσον ib. 40;

συνίσασί σοι πάντα ὅσα ἔπραξας X.Cyr.3.1.9

;

ξυνίσασ' εὐναὶ.. ὅσα θρηνῶ S.El.93

(anap.);

πλῆθος ὃ ξυνῄδει Th.4.68

; ξυνειδώς τις ibid.;

ὁ συνειδὼς καὶ μὴ φράζων Pl.Lg. 742b

;

οἱ ξυνειδότες σφίσι Th. 1.20

;

οἱ συνειδότες πεποιηκότι τι δεινόν Arist.Rh. 1382b6

;

σύνοισθά που καὶ αὐτὸς ὅτι.. Pl.Phdr. 257d

;

σύνισμεν ὡς.. Id.Sph. 232c

;

σύνοιδέ μοι εἰ ἐπιορκῶ X.An.7.6.18

; συνειδέναι δὲ (sc. τὰς μαντηΐας)

καὶ τοὺς Πυθίους Hdt.6.57

;

συνειδυίας καὶ τῆς γυναικός Act.Ap.5.2

:— with part.

a in dat.,

μήτε τῳ ξυνειδέναι τὸ πρᾶγμα βουλεύσαντι S.Ant. 266

;

εἰ μὴ συνῄδη Σωκράτει τε καὶ Ἀγάθωνι δεινοῖς οὖσι περὶ τὰ ἐρωτικά Pl.Smp. 193e

.

b in acc.,

ἀνδράποδα, ἂ συνῄδει τὴν γυναῖκα.. θάνατον μηχανωμένην Antipho 1.9

, cf. Pl.Lg. 773b, 870d, D.49.58, 59.67, 61.23.

III know well, αὐτὸς ξυνειδώς, ἢ μαθὼν ἄλλου πάρα; as from his own knowledge, or.. ? S.OT 704; so also (unless there is ellipse of reflex. Pron.)

σύνοιδα δείν' εἰργασμένος E. Or. 396

;

σύνοισθά γ' εἰς ἔμ' οὐκ εὔορκος ὤν Id.Med. 495

.

IV c. dat. rei. to be privy to, BGU1141.50 (i B.C.); τῷ φόνῳ Sch.Hermog. in Rh.4.355 W.

V τὸ συνειδός complicity,

τὸ σ. τοῦ πράγματος Plu.Publ.4

; consciousness,

τοῦ ἐνδεοῦς Id.2.84d

.

2 conscience,

ὑπὸ συνειδότος ἐπαρρησιάζετο ἀγαθοῦ Paus.7.10.10

, cf. Hld.6.7, Alciphr.1.10.5, Chor.p.38 B.

VI ὡς ἂν συνειδῇς as you may think proper, Aët.13.2.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `hook-nosed, curved' (Pl.).

Derivatives: γρυπότης (X.). Denom. γρυπόομαι `get curbed, of nails' (Hp.), γρύπωσις (medi.); γρύπτω, γρυπαίνω and, γρυμπαίνειν γρυποῦσθαι, συγκάμπτειν H. Thematic aorist ἔγρυπον (like ἔκτυπον) `become wrinkled', of the earth in an earthquake' (Melanth. Hist. 1); thus γᾶν ἐγρυμμέναν (Gortyn); idem γρυπανίζω (Antiph. Soph.) and γρυπάνιος (ib.); γρυπάλιον γερόντιον. η γρυπάνιον H. γρυπνόν στυγνόν (s. DELG) - Root noun γρῡ́ψ, - πός m. the mythological `griffin' (Aristeas ap. Hdt., A.), later the real `Lämmergeier' (LXX); cf. γύψ, σκώψ, γλαῦξ; also γρῦπαι αἱ νεοσσιαὶ τῶν γυπῶν. οἱ δε γῦπαι H. - γρυβός γρυψ H. after the nouns in - βος? (Chantr. Form. 261). Metaph. γρῦπες μέρος τῶν τῆς νεὼς σκευῶν καὶ ἄγκυραι H.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: A connection with OE crumb, OHG krump ` krumm' is not very probable (the nasal difficult). The nasal in γρυμπαίνω could be Pre-Greek prenasalization but may be of Greek origin. The long u is difficult for IE (requires *- uH-). - Güntert Reimwortbildungen 132f. thought that γρύψ was γύψ influenced by γρυπός; which is not convincing. Grimme Glotta 14, 17 assumed a loan from Akkadian ( karūbu `griffin, cherub'; cf. Hebr. k^erūb and Lewy Fremdw. 11f.) through Hittite. From the archaeological perspective origin in Asia Mindor (and the Near East: Elam) is very probable; DNP s.v. Greif; Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970) 51f. (but not toAkk. karūbu); Wild, SBWien 241\/4 (1963) 3-28. It is not certain that γρύψ is related to γρυπός. The adjective makes the impression of a Pre-Greek word ( γρυμπ-) and this will be true of the mythical bird as well (whatever it ultimate origin); note γρυβός, which may well show Pre-Greek alternation. Fur. 175 assumes more variations on the basis of the Latin forms. Note also γρῦνος γρύψ H., which fits in Furnée's system as showing π\/F (236).- Through Lat. gryphus the word came in the WEur. languages (griffin. Greif).

Page in Frisk: 1,329-330

I. βάτος, ου, ἡ, ὁ (acc. to Moeris 99 the fem. is Hellenistic [Just., D. 60, 3; 127, 4; 128, 1], and ὁ βάτος, as in Mk 12:26, Ex 3:2–4 [Just., D. 60, 4] and Philo, Mos. 1, 67 is Attic, but Thackeray, and PKatz in ZNW 46, ’55, 136 with n. 8a [s. B-D-F §49, 1] show that the reverse is true.—Hom. et al.; Kaibel 546, 6; 548, 2; LXX; Just.) a spiny or thorny shrub of the genus ‘Rubus’ thorn-bush, of the bush in which Moses saw a vision of God (Ex 3:2–4; cp. Dt 33:16; Jos., Ant. 2, 266) Mk 12:26 (ὁ); ἐπὶ τ. βάτου in the passage about the thorn-bush Lk 20:37 (ἡ); Ac 7:30, 35 (ἡ), s. Zohary 140f; 1 Cl 17:5 (ἡ). Symbol of unfruitfulness Lk 6:44 (cp. Job 31:40). Zohary 140f identifies the bush of Moses as ‘Cassia senna’, a shrub that grows up to 1 m. high w. a thick foliage of pinnate leaves—DELG. M-M. TW.

II. βάτος, ου, ὁ a Hebr. liquid measure ‘bath’, jug (Hb. loanw. בַּת; cp. 2 Esdr 7:22; En 10:19) acc. to Jos., Ant. 8, 57 β.=72 sextarii, or c. 34 liters (FHultsch, Griech. u. röm. Metrologie² 1882, 488:36, 371; OViedebannt, Forschungen z. Metrologie d. Altertums 1917, 127ff: 32, 61) Lk 16:6 (vv.ll.: βάδος, κάδος κάβος).—DELG. M-M.

εἶπον (Hom.+) used as 2 aor. of λέγω ‘say’ (B-D-F §101, p. 46); subj. εἴπω, impv. εἶπον; inf. εἰπεῖν, ptc. εἰπών. Somet. takes 1 aor. endings (Meisterhans³-Schw. 184, 6; Schweizer 182; Mayser 331; EpArist index) εἶπα, εἶπας, εἶπαν; impv. εἰπόν Mk 13:4; Lk 22:67; Ac 28:26 (on the accent s. W-S. §6, 7d; Mlt-H. 58. On the other hand, εἶπον acc. to PKatz, TLZ 61, ’36, 284 and B-D-F §81, 1), εἰπάτω, εἴπατε (GrBar 13:2), εἰπάτωσαν; ptc. εἴπας Ac 7:37, fem. εἴπασα J 11:28 v.l.; Hv 3, 2, 3; 4, 3, 7. Fut. ἐρῶ; pf. εἴρηκα, 3 pl. εἰρήκασιν and εἴρηκαν (Rv 19:3), inf. εἰρηκέναι; plpf. εἰρήκειν. Pass. 1 aor. ἐρρέθην (ἐρρήθην v.l. Ro 9:12, 26; Gal 3:16), ptc. ῥηθείς; pf. εἴρηται, ptc. εἰρημένος (B-D-F §70, 1; 81, 1; 101 p. 46; W-S. §13, 13; Rob. index) ‘say, speak’

① to express a thought, opinion, or idea, say, tell

ⓐ w. direct or indirect obj. or equivalent τὸν λόγον Mt 26:44. ὅσα Lk 12:3. τί vs. 11; a parable tell (Artem. 4, 80 Μενεκράτης εἶπεν ὄνειρον) 19:11; the truth 2 Cor 12:6 and oft. τοῦτο ἀληθές this as someth. true= this truly J 4:18. τί εἴπω; what shall I say? J 12:27. As a rhetor. transition formula (s. also 3 below) τί ἐροῦμεν; what shall we say or conclude? what then? Ro 3:5; 6:1; 7:7; 9:14, 30. λόγον εἴς τινα say someth. against someone Lk 12:10; also κατά τινος Mt 5:11; 12:32. τί τινι say someth. to someone Gal 3:16. ἔχω σοί τι εἰπεῖν I have someth. to say to you (cp. Lucian, Tim. 20) Lk 7:40. τί εἴπω ὑμῖν; what shall I say to you? 1 Cor 11:22. τὶ πρός τινα say someth. to someone (Pla., Prot. 345c; Herodas 2, 84; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 6, 20, 6; Ex 23:13; Jos., Vi. 205) a parable Lk 12:16; speak w. reference to someone Mk 12:12; Lk 20:19. Also πρὸς ταῦτα to this Ro 8:31. τὶ περί τινος say someth. about someone or someth. (X., Vect. 4, 13) J 7:39; 10:41. εἰρήκει περὶ τοῦ θανάτου he had referred to death 11:13. ὑπὲρ (περὶ v.l.) οὗ ἐγὼ εἶπον of whom I spoke J 1:30 (introducing dir. speech). W. acc. of pers. ὸ̔ν εἶπον of whom I said vs. 15; cp. ὁ ῥηθείς the one who was mentioned Mt 3:3. εἰπεῖν τινα καλῶς speak well of someone Lk 6:26. κακῶς speak ill of someone Ac 23:5 (Ex 22:27). W. omission of the nearer obj., which is supplied fr. the context Lk 22:67; J 9:27 al. As an answer σὺ εἶπας sc. αὐτό you have said it is evasive or even a denial (as schol. on Pla. 112e Socrates says: σὺ ταῦτα εἶπες, οὐκ ἐγώ. S. also the refusal to give a clearly affirmative answer in Const. Apost. 15, 14, 4 οὐκ εἶπεν ὁ κύριος ‘ναί’, ἀλλʼ ὅτι ‘σὺ εἶπας’.—λέγω 2e end) Mt 26:25, 64.—W. indication of the pers., to whom someth. is said: in the dat. Mt 5:22; 8:10, 13, 19, 21 and oft. τινὶ περί τινος tell someone about someth. 17:13; J 18:34. Also πρός τινα for the dat. (Lucian, Dial. Mort. 1; Jos., Ant. 11, 210) Mk 12:7; Lk 1:13, 34, 61 and very oft. (w. acc. εἶπον τὸν ἄγγελον GrBar 6:3; 10:7).

ⓑ w. direct discourse foll.: Mt 2:8; 9:22; 12:24, 49; 14:29; 15:16, 32; 17:17 and very oft. οὐδὲ ἐροῦσιν= nor will they be able to say Lk 17:21 (cp. Herodas 4, 73 οὐδʼ ἐρεῖς, with direct discourse foll. as in Lk); of someth. said in the past J 14:28.—As a formula introducing an objection (Diod S 13, 21, 5 ἐροῦσί τινες ἴσως; Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 47 ἴσως οὖν ἐρεῖ τις) ἀλλὰ ἐρεῖ τις (X., Cyr. 4, 3, 10; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 16 §59 ἀλλὰ … ἐρεῖ τις; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 9, 16 p. 98, 1; 5 Lag.) 1 Cor 15:35; Js 2:18 (on various views, DVerseput, NTS 43, ’97, 108 n. 22). ἐρεῖς οὖν Ro 11:19; w. μοι added 9:19. πρὸς ἡμᾶς Ac 21:13 D. Inserted τίς οὖν αὐτῶν, εἰπέ, πλεῖον ἀγαπήσει αὐτόν; which one, tell me, will love him more? Lk 7:42 v.l.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Diod S 12, 16, 5; 12, 74, 3; Jos., Vi. 205) Mt 28:7, 13; J 7:42; 8:55; 16:15; 1J 1:6, 8, 10; 1 Cor 1:15; 14:23 al.

ⓓ w. acc. and inf. foll. Ro 4:1 (text uncertain).

ⓔ regularly used w. quotations: Tit 1:12; usually fr. the OT ἐρρέθη Ro 9:12; καθὼς εἴρηκεν Hb 4:3. τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ κυρίου διὰ τοῦ προφήτου Mt 1:22. ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ 22:31. διὰ τοῦ προφήτου Ac 2:16; cp. Mt 2:17, 23; 4:14; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 24:15 (Just., D. 27, 1 διὰ … Ἠσαίου οὕτως εἴρηται) al. τὸ εἰρημένον what is written Lk 2:24; Ac 13:40; Ro 4:18.—EHowind, De ratione citandi in Ciceronis Plutarchi Senecae Novi Testamenti scriptis obvia, diss. Marburg 1921.

ⓕ with questions w. direct discourse foll. (Epict. 3, 23, 18a=ask; Zech 1:9a) Mt 9:4; 17:19, 24; 18:21; 20:32; 26:15 al. W. dat. of pers. Mt 13:10, 27.

ⓖ w. adv. modifier ὁμοίως Mt 26:35. ὡσαύτως 21:30; or an adv. expr. ἐν παραβολαῖς in parables= parabolically 22:1. διὰ παραβολῆς using a parable Lk 8:4. W. καθὼς of someth. said in the past (Jos., Ant. 8, 273 καθὼς εἶπεν ὁ προφήτης; cp. Dt 1:21; 19:8; Is 41:22 τὰ ἐπερχόμενα εἴπατε ἡμῖν) Mt 28:6; Mk 14:16; Lk 22:13; cp. J 16:4. εἰπὲ λόγῳ say the word Lk 7:7; Mt 8:8. διὰ φωνῆς πνεύματος ἁγίου through the voice of the Holy Spirit AcPl Ha 11, 5.

② to answer a question, answer, reply (Ps.-Pla., De Virt. 2, 376d οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν=I cannot answer that; Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 21 p. 401D ἔχειν εἰπεῖν=be able to answer) Mt 15:34; 16:14; 26:18 al. On its use w. ἀποκρίνεσθαι, freq. in narrative to denote transition, s. ἀποκρ. 2. Also without a preceding question in conversation Mt 14:18; 15:27; Mk 9:39; Lk 1:38 and oft.

③ to reach a conclusion by reasoning, conclude, as in the transitional formula τί ἐροῦμεν; what conclusion are we to draw? Ro 3:5; 6:1; 9:14, 30; on Ro 4:1 s. FDanker, in Gingrich Festschr. ’72, 103f. S. also 1a.

④ to apply a name or term to someone, call w. double acc. (Maximus Tyr. 14, 5c κόλακα τὸν Ὀδυσσέα; Diog. L. 6, 40 Diogenes the Cynic is called a ‘dog’; SibOr 4, 140) ἐκείνους εἶπεν θεούς J 10:35. ὑμᾶς εἴρηκα φίλους 15:15 (cp. Od. 19, 334; X., Apol. 15; Lucian, Tim. 20).

⑤ to give instructions or orders, tell, order (Ex 19:8b; 2 Ch 24:8; w. inf. foll.: Ex 35:1b; Wsd 9:8; Epict. 1, 14, 3 ὅταν [ὁ θεὸς] εἴπῃ τοῖς φυτοῖς ἀνθεῖν, ἀνθεῖ; Aberciusins. 17) εἶπεν δοθῆναι αὐτῇ φαγεῖν he ordered that she be given someth. to eat Mk 5:43. εἶπεν καὶ ταῦτα παρατιθέναι he told them to place this also before (the people) 8:7. W. ἵνα foll. Mt 4:3; Mk 9:18; Lk 4:3.

⑥ to tell oneself someth., think. Corresp. to אָמַר בְּלִבּוֹ the expr. εἰπεῖν ἐν ἑαυτῷ (Esth 6:6; Tob 4:2 BA; S has ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ) means say to oneself or quietly, think (to oneself) Mt 9:3; Lk 7:39; 16:3; 18:4; also ἐν τῃ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ (Dt 8:17; 9:4; Ps 9:27; 13:1; s. above) Lk 12:45; Ro 10:6.—In mss. and edd. εἶπον freq. interchanges w. λαλέω, λέγω, φημί, and is v.l. in Mt 19:18; Mk 6:16; Lk 19:30; J 7:45, 50; 9:10; 13:24; Ac 23:7.—B. 1253f. DELG s.v. ἔπος 2. Frisk s.v. εἶπον and ἔπος. M-M. TW. Also s. λέγω.

εὐαγγέλιον, ου, τό (s. prec. entry; Hom. et al.; LXX, TestSol D 1:13; ApcSed 14:9; Joseph., Just., Mel.) orig. ‘a reward for good news’, then simply ‘good news’ (so Plut., Sertor. 573 [11, 8]; 582 [26, 6], Phoc. 749 [16, 8]; 752 [23, 6] al.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 93 §384; 4, 20 §78; Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 26; Jos., Bell. 2, 420; 4, 618; 656; IG III, 10 = II², 1077 [OWeinreich, ARW 18, 1915, p. 43, 3]; papyrus letter [after 238 A.D.] in Dssm., LO 313f [LAE 371]=Sb 421.—Also in sacral use: Diod S 15, 74, 2 Διονύσιος τοῖς θεοῖς εὐαγγέλια θύσας=offered a sacrifice for good news to the gods; OGI 458=IPriene 105, 40f ἦρξεν δὲ τῷ κόσμῳ τῶν διʼ αὐτὸν εὐανγελίων ἡ γενέθλιος τοῦ θεοῦ [s. AHarnack, Red. u. Aufs. I² 1906, 310ff; PWendland, ZNW 5, 1904, 335ff, D. urchristl. Literaturformen 1912, 409f]; Philostrat., Vi. Apollon. 1, 28 of the appearing of Apollon.; Ael. Aristid. 53, 3 K.=55 p. 708 D.: Ζεὺς Εὐαγγέλιος) in our lit. only in the sense of good news relating to God’s action in Jesus Christ.

① God’s good news to humans, good news as proclamation

ⓐ abs.

α. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον Mk 1:15; 8:35; 10:29; Ro 1:16; 10:16; 11:28; 1 Cor 4:15; 9:18, 23; 2 Cor 8:18; Gal 2:2; Eph 3:6; Phil 1:5; 2:22; 4:3; 1 Th 2:4; 2 Ti 1:8, 10; IPhld 5:1, 2; 8:2; 9:2; ISm 5:1; 7:2; MPol 1:1; 22:1.

β. in gen., dependent on another noun ὁ λόγος τοῦ εὐ. Ac 15:7; τὸ μυστήριον τ. εὐ. Eph 6:19; cp. vs. 15; Phil 1:7, 12, 16; ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐ. Gal 2:5, 14; Col 1:5 (but the last passage can also be transl. the true message of the gospel). ἡ ἐλπὶς τοῦ εὐ. the hope that is kindled by the gospel vs. 23; ἡ πίστις τοῦ εὐ. faith in the gospel Phil 1:27; ἐν τ. δεσμοῖς τοῦ εὐ. Phlm 13; ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ εὐ. authority over (i.e. to proclaim) the gospel B 8:3; ἀρχὴ τοῦ εὐ. beginning (of the proclaiming) of the gospel Phil 4:15; cp. 1 Cl 47:2 (s. on this WHartke, D. Sammlung u. d. ältesten Ausgaben der Paulusbriefe 1917, 55); Mk 1:1 (s. 3 below).

γ. in certain combinations w. verbs τὸ εὐ. κηρύσσειν Mt 26:13; Mk 13:10; 14:9 (JJeremias, ZNW 44, ’53, 103–7: apocalyptic proclamation); 16:15; cp. Mt 4:23; 9:35; 24:14; Mk 1:14; Ac 1:2 D; B 5:9; GMary 463, 29; 33. καταγγέλλειν 1 Cor 9:14. γνωρίζειν 15:1. εὐαγγελίζεσθαι Gal 1:11 (cp. 2 Cor 11:7).

ⓑ in combination

α. w. adj. εὐ. αἰώνιον Rv 14:6. ἕτερον 2 Cor 11:4; Gal 1:6 (EGrässer, ZTK 66, ’69, 306–44). ἅγιον AcPlCor 2:36.

β. w. gen. (s. OSchmitz, D. Christusgemeinschaft des Pls im Lichte seines Genetivgebrauchs 1924, 45–88).

א. objective genitive εὐ. τῆς βασιλείας Mt 4:23; 9:35; 24:14. τ. θεοῦ Mk 1:14. τ. χάριτος τ. θεοῦ of God’s grace Ac 20:24. τ. εἰρήνης Eph 6:15. τ. σωτηρίας 1:13. τ. δόξης τ. Χριστοῦ of the glory of Christ 2 Cor 4:4; cp. 1 Ti 1:11 (τὸ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εὐ. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 13, 62). εὐ. τ. Χριστοῦ is usu. interpr. as the gospel ( good news) about Christ (because of Ro 1:1–3; 2 Cor 4:4; 1 Th 3:2, cp. Ro 15:16) Ro 15:19; 1 Cor 9:12; 2 Cor 2:12 (here and Ro 1:1 εἰς εὐαγγέλιον=for the purpose of bringing the good news, as Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 113 §474). 2 Cor 9:13; 10:14; Gal 1:7; Phil 1:27; 1 Th 3:2; cp. Ro 1:9; 2 Th 1:8; B 5:9; MPol 19:1. εὐ. τῆς ἀκροβυστίας the gospel for the uncircumcised Gal 2:7.

ב. Subjective genitive (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 1:1; 15:16; 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Th 2:2, 8, 9; 1 Pt 4:17. The one who is commissioned to do the proclaiming can be mentioned in the subj. gen. εὐ. μου, ἡμῶν Ro 2:16; 16:25; 2 Cor 4:3; 1 Th 1:5; 2 Th 2:14; 2 Ti 2:8. S. LBaudiment, ‘L’Évangile’ de St. Paul 1925; Molland (3 below) 83–97.

② details relating to the life and ministry of Jesus, good news of Jesus D 8:2; 11:3; 15:3f; 2 Cl 8:5; MPol 4:1; perh. also Mk 1:1 (LKeck, The Introduction to Mark’s Gospel, NTS 12, ’66, 352–70; DDormeyer, NTS 33, ’87, 452–68); IPhld 8:2; ISm 7:2. This usage marks a transition to

③ a book dealing with the life and teaching of Jesus, a gospel account that deals w. the life and teaching of Jesus (Just., A I, 66, 3 al.) Dg 11:6 (ἐν τοῖς εὐ.; TestSol 1:13 D; Orig., C. Cels. 1:9, 19 [w. ἐν τοῖς προφήταις]) τὸ καθʼ Ἐβραίους εὐ.—Papias (2:17).—(Cp. ὁ τὸ εὐ. γράψας Ἰωάννης Orig., C. Cels. 5, 12, 13).—ASeeberg, D. Evangelium Christi 1905; Harnack, Entstehg. u. Entwicklg. d. Kirchenverfassung 1910, 199–239; PZondervan, Het woord ‘Evangelium’: TT 48, 1914, 187–213; MBurrows, The Origin of the Word ‘Gospel’: JBL 44, 1925, 21–33; JSchniewind, Euangelion 1; 2; 1927, ’31, Die Begriffe Wort u. Evglm. b. Pls, diss. Halle 1910; AFridrichsen, Τὸ εὐαγγέλιον hos Pls: NorTT 13, 1912, 153–70; 209–56, Der Begriff Evgl. b. Irenäus, Hippolyt, Novatian: ibid. 1917, 148–70; AOepke, D. Missionspredigt des Ap. Pls. 1920, 50ff; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 422f; EMolland, D. Paulin. Euangelion; D. Wort u. d. Sache ’34; RAsting, D. Verkündigung im Urchristentum ’39 (on Word of God, Gospel, Witness); GFriedrich, TW II 705–35; KRengstorf, ZNW 31, ’32, 54–56; MAlbertz, D. Botschaft des NT, vols. I and II, ’47–’57; JvDodewaard, Biblica 35, ’54, 160–73; HKoester, TU 65, ’57, 6–12; JBowman, ‘Gospel’ and Its Cognates in Palestinian Syriac, NT Essays (TManson memorial), ed. Higgins ’59, 54–67; HFrankemölle, Evangelium ’88; HKoester, From the Kerygma to the Written Gospels: NTS 35, ’89, 361–81; RAC VI 1107–60.—DELG s.v. ἄγγελος. M-M. On εὐαγγελ- terms s. New Docs 3, 12–14. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

λέπρα, ας, ἡ (s. λεπρός; Hdt. et al.; Galen: CMG V 4, 2 p. 333, 5; 429, 11; PSI X, 1180, 36 [II A.D.]; LXX, Philo; Jos., Ant. 3, 265, C. Ap. 1, 235; Theoph. Ant. 3, 21 [p. 244, 19]) a serious skin disease, poss. including leprosy. Gk. medical writers include a variety of skin disorders under the term λ. There is abundant evidence that not all the צָרַעַת (cp. Lev 13f) and λέπρα of the Bible is true ‘leprosy’ caused by Hansen’s bacillus as known in modern times; indeed, there are many (see Gramberg and Cochrane below) who hold that Hansen’s disease was unknown in biblical times, or known by a different name than leprosy. λέπρα in LXX and NT may at times refer to what is generally termed leprosy, but probability extends to such skin diseases as psoriasis, lupus, ringworm, and favus, and in the absence of more precise data it is best to use the more general term serious skin disease Mt 8:3; Mk 1:42; Lk 5:12f; PEg² 39 [ἀ]π̣έστη ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ ἡ λέπ̣[ρα]=ASyn. 42, 32.—GMünch, Die Zaraath (Lepra) der hebr. Bibel 1893; EMcEwen, Biblical World 38, 1911, 194–202; 255–61; LHuizinga, Leprosy: BiblSacra 83, 1926, 29–46; 202–12; Billerb. IV 1928, 745–63; Handb. d. Haut-u. Geschlechtskrankheiten, ed. JJadassohn, vol. X: Die Lepra 1930; FLendrum, The Name ‘Leprosy’: Amer. Journ. of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1, ’52, 999–1008. Series of articles in BT: KGramberg, 11, ’60, 10–20; JSwellengrebel, 11, ’60, 69–80, with note by ENida; RCochrane, Biblical Leprosy, 12 ’61, 202f, w. mention of a separate publ. of the same title, ’61; DWallington, 12, ’61, 75–79; SBrowne, Leprosy in the Bible, in Medicine and the Bible, ed. BPalmer, ’86, 101–25; MGrmek, Diseases in the Ancient Greek World ’89, 160–61.—ABD IV 277–82 (lit.). TW.

μυστήριον, ου, τό ‘secret, secret rite, secret teaching, mystery’ a relig. t.t. (predom. pl.) applied in the Gr-Rom. world mostly to the mysteries w. their secret teachings, relig. and political in nature, concealed within many strange customs and ceremonies. The principal rites remain unknown because of a reluctance in antiquity to divulge them (Trag.+; Hdt. 2, 51, 2; Diod S 1, 29, 3; 3, 63, 2; Socrat., Ep. 27, 3; Cornutus 28 p. 56, 22; 57, 4; Alciphron 3, 26, 1; OGI 331, 54; 528, 13; 721, 2, SIG s. index; Sb 7567, 9 [III A.D.]; PGM 1, 131; 4, 719ff; 2477 τὰ ἱερὰ μ. ἀνθρώποις εἰς γνῶσιν; 5, 110; 12, 331; 13, 128 τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ θεοῦ. Only the perfected gnostic is τῶν μυστηρίων ἀκροατής Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 29.—OKern, D. griech. Mysterien d. klass. Zeit 1927; WOtto, D. Sinn der eleusin. Myst. ’40; MNilsson, The Dionysiac Mysteries of the Hell. and Rom. Age, ’57; Kl. Pauly III 1533–42; WBurkert, Antike Mysterien ’90). Also LXX and other versions of the OT use the word, as well as En (of the heavenly secret) and numerous pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph. (C. Ap. 2, 189, 266), apolog. (exc. Ar.); it is a loanw. in rabb. Our lit. uses μ. in ref. to the transcendent activity of God and its impact on God’s people.

① the unmanifested or private counsel of God, (God’s) secret, the secret thoughts, plans, and dispensations of God (SJCh 78, 9; τὸ μ. τῆς μοναρχίας τῆς κατὰ τὸν θεόν Theoph. Ant. 2, 28 [p. 166, 17]) which are hidden fr. human reason, as well as fr. all other comprehension below the divine level, and await either fulfillment or revelation to those for whom they are intended (the divine Logos as διδάσκαλος θείων μυστηρίων Orig., C. Cels. 3, 62, 9: the constellations as δεῖγμα καὶ τύπον … μεγάλου μυστηρίου Hippol. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 7]; Abraham is τῶν θείων … μέτοχος μυστηρίων Did., Gen. 213, 20).

ⓐ In the gospels μ. is found only in one context, where Jesus says to the disciples who have asked for an explanation of the parable(s) ὑμῖν τὸ μυστήριον δέδοται τῆς βασιλείας τ. θεοῦ Mk 4:11; the synopt. parallels have the pl. Mt 13:11 (LCerfaux, NTS 2, ’55/56, 238–49); Lk 8:10.—WWrede, D. Messiasgeh. in den Evv. 1901; HEbeling, D. Messiasgeh. u. d. Botschaft des Mc-Evangelisten ’39; NJohansson, SvTK 16, ’40, 3–38; OPiper, Interpretation 1, ’47, 183–200; RArida, St Vladimar Theol. Qtly 38, ’94, 211–34 (patristic exegesis Mk 4:10–12 par.).

ⓑ The Pauline lit. has μ. in 21 places. A secret or mystery, too profound for human ingenuity, is God’s reason for the partial hardening of Israel’s heart Ro 11:25 or the transformation of the surviving Christians at the Parousia 1 Cor 15:51. Even Christ, who was understood by so few, is God’s secret or mystery Col 2:2, hidden ages ago 1:26 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 16 τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ κεκρυμμένον μυστήριον μέχρι τῆσδε τῆς ἡμέρας), but now gloriously revealed among the gentiles vs. 27, to whom the secret of Christ, i.e. his relevance for them, is proclaimed, 4:3 (CMitton, ET 60, ’48/49, 320f). Cp. Ro 16:25; 1 Cor 2:1 (cp. Just., D. 91, 1; 131, 2 al. μ. τοῦ σταυροῦ; 74, 3 τὸ σωτήριον τοῦτο μ., τοῦτʼ ἔστι τὸ πάθος τοῦ χριστοῦ). The pl. is used to denote Christian preaching by the apostles and teachers in the expr. οἰκονόμοι μυστηρίων θεοῦ 1 Cor 4:1 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 23, 104 calls the teachings of Pyth. θεῖα μυστήρια). Not all Christians are capable of understanding all the mysteries. The one who speaks in tongues πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια utters secret truths in the Spirit which the person alone shares w. God, and which others, even Christians, do not understand 1 Cor 14:2. Therefore the possession of all mysteries is a great joy 13:2 (Just., D. 44, 2). And the spirit-filled apostle can say of the highest stage of Christian knowledge, revealed only to the τέλειοι: λαλοῦμεν θεοῦ σοφίαν ἐν μυστηρίῳ we impart the wisdom of God in the form of a mystery (ἐν μυστηρίῳ=in a mysterious manner [Laud. Therap. 11] or =secretly, so that no unauthorized person would learn of it [cp. Cyr. of Scyth. p. 90, 14 ἐν μυστηρίῳ λέγει]) 2:7 (AKlöpper, ZWT 47, 1905, 525–45).—Eph, for which (as well as for Col) μ. is a predominant concept, sees the μ. τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ (sc. θεοῦ) 1:9 or μ. τ. Χριστοῦ 3:4 or μ. τ. εὐαγγελίου 6:19 in acceptance of the gentiles as Christians 3:3ff, 9ff. A unique great mystery is revealed 5:32, where the relation betw. Christ and the Christian community or church is spoken of on the basis of Gen 2:24 (cp. the interpretation of the sun as symbol of God, Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 8], and s. WKnox, St. Paul and the Church of the Gentiles, ’39, 183f; 227f; WBieder, TZ 11, ’55, 329–43).

ⓒ In Rv μ. is used in ref. to the mysterious things portrayed there. The whole content of the book appears as τὸ μ. τοῦ θεοῦ 10:7. Also τὸ μ. τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀστέρων 1:20; τὸ μ. τῆς γυναικός 17:7, cp. vs. 5, where in each case μ. may mean allegorical significance (so BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 215).

② that which transcends normal understanding, transcendent/ultimate reality, secret, with focus on Israelite/Christian experience.

ⓐ 1 Ti uses μ. as a formula: τὸ μ. τῆς πίστεως is simply faith 3:9. τὸ τ. εὐσεβείας μ. the secret of (our) piety vs. 16.—τὸ μ. τῆς ἀνομίας 2 Th 2:7 s. ἀνομία 1 (Jos., Bell. 1, 470 calls the life of Antipater κακίας μυστήριον because of his baseness practiced in secret. Cp. also SibOr 8, 58 τὰ πλάνης μυστήρια; 56).—PFurfey, CBQ 8, ’46, 179–91.

ⓑ in Ign.: the death and resurrection of Jesus as μ. IMg 9:1 (τὸ περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως μ. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 7, 9). The virginity of Mary, her childbearing, and the Lord’s death are called τρία μ. κραυγῆς three mysteries (to be) loudly proclaimed IEph 19:1 (they are mysteries because they go so contrary to human expectation). So also of the annunciation to Mary and her conception GJs 12:2f. The deacons are οἱ διάκονοι μυστηρίων Ἰ. Χρ. ITr 2:3.

ⓒ Quite difficult is the saying about the tried and true prophet ποιῶν εἰς μυστήριον κοσμικὸν ἐκκλησίας who acts in accord with the earthly mystery of (God’s) assembly D 11:11. This may refer to celibacy; the prophet lives in such a way as to correspond to the relation betw. Christ and the people of God; cp. Eph 5:32 (so Harnack, TU II 1; 2, 1884, 44ff; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen d. Geistes u. der Geister 1899, 131–38; PDrews, Hdb. z. d. ntl. Apokryphen 1904, 274ff; RKnopf, Hdb. ad loc.—Differently CTaylor, The Teaching of the Twelve Apost. 1886, 82–92; RHarris, The Teaching of the Ap. 1887; FFunk, Patr. Apostol.² 1901 ad loc.; Zahn, Forschungen III 1884, 301).

ⓓ μ. occurs oft. in Dg: τὸ τῆς θεοσεβείας μ. the secret of (our) piety 4:6 (what Dg means by μ. is detailed in ch. 5). Likew. of Christian teaching (cp. Ps.-Phocyl. 229 and comments by Horst 260–61) πατρὸς μυστήρια 11:2; cp. vs. 5. Hence the Christian can μυστήρια θεοῦ λαλεῖν 10:7. In contrast to ἀνθρώπινα μ. 7:1. οὗ (sc. τ. θεοῦ) τὰ μυστήρια whose secret counsels 7:2 (the divine will for orderly management of the universe). Of God keeping personal counsel κατεῖχεν ἐν μυστηρίῳ … τὴν σοφὴν αὐτοῦ βουλήν 8:10.—Lghtf., St. Paul’s Ep. to the Col. and Phlm. p. 167ff; JRobinson, St. Paul’s Ep. to the Eph. 1904, 234ff; GWobbermin, Religionsgesch. Studien 1896, 144ff; EHatch, Essays on Bibl. Gk. 1889, 57ff; HvSoden, ZNW 12, 1911, 188ff; TFoster, AJT 19, 1915, 402–15; OCasel, D. Liturgie als Mysterienfeier⁵ 1923; JSchneider, ‘Mysterion’ im NT: StKr 104, ’32, 255–78; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi ’37; KPrümm, ‘Mysterion’ v. Pls bis Orig.: ZKT 61, ’37, 391–425, Biblica 37, ’56, 135–61; RBrown, The Semitic Background of ‘Mystery’ in the NT, ’68; cp. KKuhn, NTS 7, 61, 366 for Qumran parallels to various passages in Eph and Ro; ABöhlig, Mysterion u. Wahrheit, ’68, 3–40; JFruytier, Het woord M. in de catechesen van Cyrillus van Jerusalem, ’50; ANock, Hellenistic Mysteries and Christian Sacraments, Essays on Religion and the Ancient World II, ’72, 790–820; AHarvey, The Use of Mystery Language in the Bible: JTS 31, ’80, 320–36.—DELG s.v. μύω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

πειράζω impf. ἐπείραζον; fut. πειράσω; 1 aor. ἐπείρασα, mid. 2 sg. ἐπειράσω. Pass.: 1 aor. ἐπειράσθην; pf. ptc. πεπειρασνένος (fr. πεῖρα; Hom., then Apollon. Rhod. 1, 495; 3, 10. In prose since Philo Mech. 50, 34; 51, 9; also Polyb.; Plut., Cleom. 808 [7, 3], Mor. 230a; Vett. Val. 17, 6; schol. on Aristoph., Pl. 575; PSI 927, 25 [II A.D.]; LXX; TestJos 16:3 v.l.; ApcSed 8:5 p. 133, 5 Ja.; Joseph.; Just., D. 103, 6; 125, 4.—B-D-F §101 p. 54; Mlt-H. 387 n. 1; 404).

① to make an effort to do someth., try, attempt at times in a context indicating futility (ὁ θεὸς τῷ πειράζοντι δοὺς ἐξουσίαν τὴν τοῦ διωκειν ἡμᾶς Orig., C. Cels. 8, 70, 11) w. inf. foll. (Polyb. 2, 6, 9; Dt 4:34.—B-D-F §392, 1a) Ac 9:26; 16:7; 24:6; Hs 8, 2, 7. Foll. by acc. w. inf. IMg 7:1. Abs. Hs 8, 2, 7.

② to endeavor to discover the nature or character of someth. by testing, try, make trial of, put to the test

ⓐ gener. τινά someone (Epict. 1, 9, 29; Ps 25:2) ἑαυτοὺς πειράζετε εἰ ἐστὲ ἐν τῇ πίστει 2 Cor 13:5 (π. εἰ as Jos., Bell. 4, 340). ἐπείρασας τοὺς λέγοντας ἑαυτοὺς ἀποστόλους Rv 2:2. προφήτην οὐ πειράσετε οὐδὲ διακρινεῖτε D 11:7.

ⓑ of God or Christ, who put people to the test, in a favorable sense (Ps.-Apollod. 3, 7; 7, 4 Zeus puts τὴν ἀσέβειαν of certain people to the test), so that they may prove themselves true J 6:6; Hb 11:17 (Abraham, as Gen 22:1). Also of painful trials sent by God (Ex 20:20; Dt 8:2 v.l.; Judg 2:22; Wsd 3:5; 11:9; Jdth 8:25f) 1 Cor 10:13; Hb 2:18ab; 4:15 (s. πειράω); 11:37 v.l.; Rv 3:10 (SBrown, JBL 85, ’66, 308–14 π.= afflict). Likew. of the measures taken by the angel of repentance Hs 7:1.

ⓒ The Bible (but s. the Pythia in Hdt. 6, 86, 3 τὸ πειρηθῆναι τοῦ θεοῦ κ. τὸ ποιῆσαι ἴσον δύνασθαι ‘to have tempted the deity was as bad as doing the deed’; cp. 1, 159) also speaks of a trial of God by humans. Their intent is to put God to the test, to discover whether God really can do a certain thing, esp. whether God notices sin and is able to punish it (Ex 17:2, 7; Num 14:22; Is 7:12; Ps 77:41, 56; Wsd 1:2 al.) 1 Cor 10:9; Hb 3:9 (Ps 94:9). τὸ πνεῦμα κυρίου Ac 5:9. In Ac 15:10 the πειράζειν τὸν θεόν consists in the fact that after God’s will has been clearly made known through granting of the Spirit to the Gentiles (vs. 8), some doubt and make trial to see whether God’s will really becomes operative. τὸν διά σου θεὸν πειράσαι θέλων, εἰ since I want to put the god (you proclaim) to a test, whether AcPt Ox 849, 20–22 followed by οὐ πειράζεται ὁ θεός God refuses to be put to a test.—ASommer, D. Begriff d. Versuchung im AT u. Judentum, diss. Breslau ’35. S. πειράω.

③ to attempt to entrap through a process of inquiry, test. Jesus was so treated by his opponents, who planned to use their findings against him Mt 16:1; 19:3; 22:18, 35; Mk 8:11; 10:2; 12:15; Lk 11:16; 20:23 v.l.; J 8:6.

④ to entice to improper behavior, tempt Gal 6:1; Js 1:13a (s. ἀπό 5eβ) and b, 14 (Aeschin. 1, 190 the gods do not lead people to sin). Above all the devil works in this way; hence he is directly called ὁ πειράζων the tempter Mt 4:3; 1 Th 3:5b. He tempts humans Ac 5:3 v.l.; 1 Cor 7:5; 1 Th 3:5a; Rv 2:10. But he also makes bold to tempt Jesus (Just.. D. 103, 6; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 43, 28) Mt 4:1; Mk 1:13; Lk 4:2 (cp. use of the pass. without ref. to the devil: ἐν τῷ πειράζεσθαι … καὶ σταυροῦσθαι Iren. 3, 19, 3 [Harv. II 104, 3].—Did., Gen. 225, 2). On the temptation of Jesus (s. also Hb 2:18a; 4:15; 2b above) s. HWillrich, ZNW 4, 1903, 349f; KBornhäuser, Die Versuchungen Jesu nach d. Hb: MKähler Festschr. 1905, 69–86; on this Windisch, Hb² ’31, 38 exc. on Hb 4:15; AHarnack, Sprüche u. Reden Jesu 1907, 32–37; FSpitta, Zur Gesch. u. Lit. des Urchristentums III 2, 1907, 1–108; AMeyer, Die evangel. Berichte üb. d. Vers. Christi: HBlümner Festschr. 1914, 434–68; DVölter, NThT 6, 1917, 348–65; EBöklen, ZNW 18, 1918, 244–48; PKetter, D. Versuchg. Jesu 1918; BViolet, D. Aufbau d. Versuchungsgeschichte Jesu: Harnack Festschr. 1921, 14–21; NFreese, D. Versuchg. Jesu nach den Synopt., diss. Halle 1922, D. Versuchlichkeit Jesu: StKr 96/97, 1925, 313–18; SEitrem/AFridrichsen, D. Versuchg. Christi 1924; Clemen² 1924, 214–18; HVogels, D. Versuchungen Jesu: BZ 17, 1926, 238–55; SelmaHirsch [s. on βαπτίζω 2a]; HThielicke, Jes. Chr. am Scheideweg ’38; PSeidelin, DTh 6, ’39, 127–39; HHoughton, On the Temptations of Christ and Zarathustra: ATR 26, ’44, 166–75; EFascher, Jesus u. d. Satan ’49; RSchnackenburg, TQ 132, ’52, 297–326; K-PKöppen, Die Auslegung der Versuchungsgeschichte usw.’61; EBest, The Temptation and the Passion (Mk), ’65; JDupont, RB 73, ’66, 30–76.—B. 652f. DELG s.v. πεῖρα. M-M. EDNT. DLNT 1166–70. TW. Spicq. Sv.

πεισμονή, ῆς ἡ (fr. πείθω via πεῖσμα ‘persuasion’; Apollon. Dysc.=Gramm. Gr. II 2 p. 429, 9 U.; 299, 17; Eustathius on Hom. several times; Just., A I, 53, 1; Iren. 4, 33, 7 [Harv. II 262, 2] and other eccl. writers, s. Lampe s.v.) persuasion (Apollon.; Justin, loc. cit.; PLond V, 1674, 36 [VI A.D.]) οὐ πεισμονῆς τὸ ἔργον, ἀλλὰ μεγέθους ἐστὶν ὁ Χριστιανισμός Christianity is not a matter of persuasiveness, but of (true) greatness IRo 3:3. ἡ π. οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος that persuasion, that draws you away fr. the truth, does not come from the one who calls you Gal 5:8 (EBurton, ICC Gal 1920, 282f). B-D-F §488, 1b favor the mng. ‘obedience’ [Folgsamkeit] here (also §109, 6), but must depart fr. the Gk. text as handed down by the great majority of witnesses.—DELG s.v. πείθομαι. M-M. TW. Spicq.

σύζυγος, ον (Sappho, Fgm. 213 [L-P.]; Aeschyl. et al.; Ezk 23:21 Aq.). The corresp. subst. σύζυγος, ου, ὁ has not yet been found as a proper name (AFick²/FBechtel, Die griech. Personennamen 1894, 132), but only as a compound common noun (=‘brother’ Eur., Tro. 1001;=‘comrade, companion’ Eur., Iph. T. 250; Aristoph., Plut. 945; Anth. 8, 145; Magnet. Graffiti ed. Kern 321; 328 [I A.D.] σύζυγοι Βαίβιος Κάλλιπος; Herm. Wr. 6, 1b. In the same sense as Lat. commilito [‘fellow-soldier’], a term of flattery used by Julius Caesar and the emperors, and perh. esp. evocative in its Gk. equivalent in a letter addressed to residents of a Rom. colony. The Gk. term is also used of gladiators, each one of whom is his opponent’s σύζυγος: RHerzog, Koische Forschungen u. Funde 1899 no. 133; CIG 4175; Kaibel 318, 2.—Thieme 32) γνήσιε σύζυγε true comrade, lit. ‘yoke-fellow’ Phil 4:3. It is no longer possible to determine w. certainty just whom the apostle has in mind (MDibelius; FTillmann.—Epaphroditus has been conjectured by some fr. Victorinus to Lghtf. and Zahn. JJeremias, NT Essays [TWManson mem. vol.] ’59, 136–43, esp. 140 [Silas]). Since ἡ σύζυγος=‘wife’ (Eur., Alc. 314; 342; Anth. 8, 161, 6; 164, 2; Syntipas p. 16, 9; 18, 6; Test Reub 4:1), some have thought that Paul’s wife is meant (since Clem. Alex., Strom. 3, 53, 1; Origen, Comm. in Ep. ad Rom. 1, 1). Lohmeyer considers it to mean a ‘brother in suffering’ who is sharing Paul’s imprisonment. Finally, the idea that ς. is a proper name has received considerable support (RLipsius, EHaupt, PEwald, KBarth et al. W-H. mg.).—DELG s.v. ζεύγνυμι IV. M-M. s.v. σύνζυγος. TW.

τέκνον, ου, τό (τίκτω ‘engender, bear’; Hom.+ ‘child’)

① an offspring of human parents, child

ⓐ without ref. to sex Mt 10:21a (on the complete dissolution of family ties s. Lucian, Cal. 1; GrBar 4:17; ApcEsdr 3:14 p. 27, 23 Tdf.; Just., A I, 27, 3f; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 43, 25 [Job’s children]); Mk 13:12a; Lk 1:7; Ac 7:5; Rv 12:4. Pl. Mt 7:11; 10:21b; 18:25; 19:29; 22:24 (=σπέρμα, cp. Dt 25:5f, but σπ. and τ. are contrasted Ro 9:7); Mk 13:12b; Lk 1:17; 14:26; 1 Cor 7:14 (on the baptism of children s. HWood, EncRelEth II 392ff; JLeipoldt, D. urchr. Taufe 1928, 73–78; AOepke, LIhmels Festschr. 1928, 84–100, ZNW 29, 1930, 81–111 [against him HWindisch, ZNW 28, 1929, 118–42]; JJeremias, Hat d. Urkirche d. Kindertaufe geübt? ’38; 2d ed. ’49; Die Kindert. in d. ersten 4 Jhdtn. ’58; revisited D. Anfänge d. Kindert. ’62; s. also ZNW 40, ’42, 243–45. KAl-and, D. Saülingst. im NT u. in d. alten Kirche ’62, 2d ed. ’63; Die Stellung d. Kinder in d. frühe christl. Gemeinden, und ihre Taufe ’67. KBarth, Z. kirchl. Lehre v. d. Taufe² ’43; D. Taufe als Begründung d. christlichen Lebens in Kirchliche Dogmatik IV, 4, ’67; for discussion of Barth’s views, s. EJüngel, K. Barths Lehre v. d. Taufe ’68; KViering (ed.), Zu K. Barth’s Lehre v. d. Taufe ’71; K. Aland, Taufe u. Kindertaufe ’71; HHubert, D. Streit um d. Kindertaufe, ’72. FFr̓vig, TTK 11, ’40, 124–31; EMolland, NorTT 43, ’42, 1–23; F-JLeenhardt, Le Baptème chrétien ’46; OCullmann, D. Tauflehre d. NT ’48; P-HMenoud, Verbum Caro 2, ’48, 15–26; HSchlier, TLZ 72, ’47, 321–26; GFleming, Baptism in the NT ’49; GBeasley-Murray, Baptism in the New Testament ’62; WKümmel, TRu 18, ’50, 32–47; GDelling, D. Taufe im NT ’63; EDinkler, Die Taufaussagen d. NT ’71 [in: KViering, s. above, 60–153]; JDidier, Le baptême des enfants ’59; HKraft, Texte z. Gesch. d. Taufe bes. d. Kindert. i. d. alten Kirche, Kl. T. no. 174, 2d ed. ’69); 2 Cor 12:14ab (simile); 1 Th 2:7 (simile), 11 (simile); 1 Ti 3:4, 12; 5:4 al. In the table of household duties (s. MDibelius Hdb. exc. after Col 4:1; KWeidinger, Die Haustafeln 1928) Eph 6:1 (τὰ τέκνα voc.), 4; Col 3:20 (τὰ τ. voc.), 21. In the case of φονεῖς τέκνων B 20:2; D 5:2, what follows shows that murders of their own children are meant.—The unborn fetus is also called τέκνον B 19:5; D 2:2 (like παιδίον: Hippocr., π. σαρκ. 6 vol. VIII 592 L. On Jesus’ attitude toward children, cp. JKalogerakos, Aristoteles’ Bild von der Frau: ΠΛΑΤΩΝ 46, ’94, 159–83, esp. p. 174 and notes [cp. Aristot., EN 1161b].).

ⓑ The sex of the child can be made clear by the context, son (Herodian 7, 10, 7; PGen 74, 1ff; PAmh 136, 1f; POxy 930, 18; Jos., Ant. 14, 196; Just., D. 56, 5; 134, 4) Mt 21:28a; Phil 2:22 (simile); Rv 12:5; GJs 22;3. The voc. τέκνον as an affectionate address to a son Mt 21:28b; Lk 2:48; 15:31. In a more general sense the pl. is used for

② descendants from a common ancestor, descendants, posterity Ῥαχὴλ κλαίουσα τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς Mt 2:18 (Jer 38:15).—27:25; Ac 2:39; 13:33. A rich man is addressed by his ancestor Abraham as τέκνον Lk 16:25. τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός the physical descendants Ro 9:8a.

③ one who is dear to another but without genetic relationship and without distinction in age, child

ⓐ in the voc. gener. as a form of familiar address my child, my son (Herodian 1, 6, 4; ParJer 5:30; Achilles Tat. 8, 4, 3. Directed to fully grown persons, Vi. Aesopi G 60 P., where a peasant addresses Aesop in this way) Mt 9:2; Mk 2:5.

ⓑ of a spiritual child in relation to master, apostle, or teacher (PGM 4, 475.—Eunap. p. 70 the sophist applies this term to his students) 2 Ti 1:2; Phlm 10. τέκνον ἐν κυρίῳ 1 Cor 4:17. τέκ. ἐν πίστει 1 Ti 1:2. τέκ. κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν Tit 1:4. Pl. 1 Cor 4:14; 2 Cor 6:13; 3J 4. In direct address (voc.): sing. (on dir. address in the sing. cp. Sir 2:1 and oft.; Herm. Wr. 13, 2ab; PGM 13, 226; 233; 742; 755.—S. also Norden, Agn. Th. 290f; Boll 138f): 1 Ti 1:18; 2 Ti 2:1; D 3:1, 3–6; 4:1. Pl.: Mk 10:24; B 15:4.—1 Cl 22:1 understands the τέκνα of Ps 33:12 as a word of Christ to Christians. Cp. B 9:3. The address in Gal 4:19 is intended metaphorically for children for whom Paul is once more undergoing the pains of childbirth.—The adherents of false teachers are also called their τέκνα Rv 2:23.

ⓒ of the members of a congregation 2J 1; 4; 13. In Hermas the venerable lady, who embodies the Christian communities, addresses the believers as τέκνα Hv 3, 9, 1. In Gal 4:31 οὐκ ἐσμὲν παιδίσκης τέκνα ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας posts a dramatic image = ‘we belong not to a community dependent on the rules of Sinai, but to one that adheres to the promises made to Abraham’.

④ one who has the characteristics of another being, child

ⓐ of those who exhibit virtues of ancient worthies: children of Abraham Mt 3:9; Lk 3:8; J 8:39; Ro 9:7. True Christian women are children of Sarah 1 Pt 3:6.

ⓑ of those who exhibit characteristics of transcendent entities: the believers are (τὰ) τέκνα (τοῦ) θεοῦ (cp. Is 63:8; Wsd 16:21; SibOr 5, 202; Just., D. 123, 9; 124, 1. On the subj. matter s. HHoltzmann, Ntl. Theologie I² 1911, 54; Bousset, Rel.³ 377f; ADieterich, Mithrasliturgie 1903, 141ff; Hdb. on J 1:12; WGrundmann, Die Gotteskindschaft in d. Gesch. Jesu u. ihre relgesch. Voraussetzungen ’38; WTwisselmann, D. Gotteskindsch. der Christen nach dem NT ’39; SLegasse, Jésus et L’enfant [synopt.], ’69), in Paul as those adopted by God Ro 8:16f, 21; 9:7, 8b (opp. σπέρμα); Phil 2:15, s. also Eph 5:1; in John as those begotten by God J 1:12; 11:52; 1J 3:1f, 10a; 5:2. Corresp. τὰ τέκνα τοῦ διαβόλου 1J 3:10b (on this subj. s. Hdb. on J 8:44).—Cp. Ac 17:28, where the idea of kinship w. deity is complex because of semantic components not shared by polytheists and those within Israelite tradition.—Cp. 6 below.

⑤ inhabitants of a city, children, an Hebraistic expression (Rdm.² p. 28; Mlt-H. 441; s. Jo 2:23; Zech 9:13; Bar 4:19, 21, 25 al.; 1 Macc 1:38; PsSol 11:2) Mt 23:37; Lk 13:34; 19:44; Gal 4:25.

⑥ a class of persons with a specific characteristic, children of. τ. is used w. abstract terms (for this Hebraism s. prec.; ἀνάγκης, ἀγνοίας Just., A I, 61, 10) τέκνα ἀγάπης B 9:7; ἀγ. καὶ εἰρήνης 21:9 (ἀγάπη 1bα). εὐφροσύνης 7:1 (s. εὐφροσύνη). δικαιοσύνης AcPlCor 2:19. κατάρας 2 Pt 2:14 (s. κατάρα). ὀργῆς Eph 2:3; AcPlCor 2:19. ὑπακοῆς 1 Pt 1:14. φωτός Eph 5:8; cp. IPhld 2:1. On the ‘children of wisdom’, i.e. those who attach themselves to her and let themselves be led by her Mt 11:19 v.l.; Lk 7:35 s. δικαιόω 2bα. Cp. 4b above.—Billerbeck I 219f, 371–74; BHHW II 947–49; III 1935–37.—DELG s.v. τίκτω. Frisk. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἀποδείκνυμι 1 aor. ἀπέδειξα. Pass.: 1 aor. ἀπεδείχθην LXX; pf. 3 sg. ἀποδέδεικται (Ar. 13, 8; Just.); ptc. ἀποδεδειγμένος (Pind., Hdt.+) gener. to ‘point away’ and ‘direct attention’ to a specific object.

① to show forth for public recognition as so and so, make, render, proclaim, appoint, esp. as administrative term w. double acc. (in var. senses: X., Cyr. 1, 2, 5 παῖδας βελτίστους ἀ.; Socrat., Ep. 28, 11 [=Malherbe 292, 10]; Diod S 2, 26, 6; Arrian, Anab. 6, 2, 1; Da 2:48; 2 Macc 14:26 [Swete]; Jos., Ant. 8, 162; Just., D. 86, 4 ῥάβδος … ἀρχιερέα αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε ‘[Aaron’s] rod … declared him highpriest’) of God (Jos., Ant. 11, 3; TestJos 2:7) ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀποστόλους ἐσχάτους ἀπέδειξεν he has made/exhibited us (as) the last ones perh. in a triumphal procession 1 Cor 4:9; Paul’s use of irony suggests a double sense. W. ὅτι foll. instead of the second acc. ἀποδεικνύντα ἑαυτὸν ὅτι ἔστιν θεός proclaiming that he himself is God 2 Th 2:4. Pass. (Diod S 3, 59, 2) διάκονοι, ἀποδεδειγμένοι ἐν γνώμῃ Ἰησοῦ assistants, appointed w. the approval of Jesus IPhld ins (cp. PPetr III, 36a verso, 17 ἀποδεδειγμένοι ἐπίσκοποι: PGen 36, 2; Jos., Ant. 7, 356).

② to show forth the quality of an entity, show forth, display (PLond III, 904, 34 [104 A.D.] p. 126; BGU 388 II, 19) τὸ ἀκέραιον τῆς πραΰτητος αὐτῶν βούλημα ἀποδειξάτωσαν let them display a sincere and gentle disposition 1 Cl 21:7. Pass. ἄνδρα ἀποδεδειγμένον ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ attested by God Ac 2:22 (cp. Esth 3:13c; also Diod S 20, 40, 6 ἀποδεδειγμένος εἰς τ. πόλιν=well-liked in the city).

③ to demonstrate that someth. is true, prove τὶ someth. (4 Macc 1:8; TestAbr B 115:17f [Stone p. 78]; Just., A I, 52, 1 [acc. w. inf.]; D. 100, 1; 68, 1 ὅτι; 59, 1 πῶς al.) Ac 25:7.—EPeterson, Deissmann Festschr. 1926, 320ff.

④ like δείκνυμι to draw attention to a specific object, show (Hdt. 3, 122, 4; Thu. 1, 129, 1) προῆγεν αὐτ[οὺς …] |.[.φ]ωσ̣[τὴ]ρ ἀπεδίκνυεν (Christ) went ahead of them [and like] a star showed them the way AcPl Ha 7, 34f; Lk 10:1 D.—M-M.

ἐπιορκέω (s. ὅρκος, ὅρκίζω) fut. ἐπιορκήσω (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo; TestAsh 2:6.—On the spelling ἐφιορκέω s. B-D-F §14; Mlt-H. 99; 314f).

① to swear that someth. is true when one knows it is false, swear falsely, perjure oneself the context favors this sense for D 2:3 in which malicious speech about one’s neighbor is castigated in various terms. It is prob. that also Mt 5:33 belongs here, but 2 is favored by many.

② to fail to do what one has promised under oath, break one’s oath (Il. 19, 188 note the fut ἐπιορκήσω; Chrysipp.: Stoic. II 63, 28; Herodian 3, 6, 7; Procop. Soph., Ep. 61; 1 Esdr 1:46) Mt 5:33 (s. 1 above).—DELG s.v. ὅρκος. M-M. TW.